The Women Of Shakespear Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Women Of Shakespear Essay, Research Paper The grown-up females in Much Ado About Nothing and Romeo and Juliet buy in to Simone de Beauvoir s adversarial presence. These characters have various practices and characters dependent on the organization they are keeping up. At the point when they are non within the sight of work powers, they give off an impression of being substantially more freed and expressive. In Act I, Scene I of Romeo and Juliet, a cataclysm, the Capulets and the Montagues are in the boulevards of Verona fixing for a slam. The two materfamilias of the restricting family units show up. Woman Capulet because of Old Capulet s appeal for an edge, discloses to him why request an arm you genuinely require a support, accordingly taunting his ardentness to fall in the battle. Woman Montague because of her hubby s endeavors to stir Capulet discloses to him that he will non take an individual measure toward their adversary. We will compose a custom article test on The Women Of Shakespear Essay Research Paper or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This scene despite the fact that non completely between grown-up females, gives an articulation into the existent force these grown-up females had over their hubbies. It other than exhibits that the grown-up females did non hold a similar ill will towards one another as the work powers had. These grown-up females did non hold fast to any limitations dependent on sexual orientation in this scene, since the two of them talked their head in the organization of work powers. Act I, Scene III, between Juliet, her female parent and the medical attendant shows the custom that Juliet has with her female parent. Juliet calls her female parent Madam and carries on extremely agreeable and yieldingly. Woman Capulet is truly withdrawn from Juliet s childhood, which is evident by the inadequacy of discernment sing her child s age. The medical caretaker raised Juliet and bosom took care of her as a child. This reality explains the halting point relationship shared between the medical caretaker and Juliet. The medical attendant was Juliet s enthusiastic female parent while Lady Capulet was her organic female parent. Her female parent needs to cognize how she would understanding about get marrieding Paris, a juvenile tally. Woman Capulet underscores that fascination is extremely of import and that each appealing grown-up male needs an alluring wedded lady. There is no treatment of adoration, commonality or organization. The attendant arrangements of sexual recognitio n similar to the solitary felicity in a marriage and advises her to take for glad darks. Juliet does non secure energized by the opportunity of her marriage to Paris yet is only being adolescently submissive. Woman Capulet is about angry that her child is non yet hitched at around 14 twelvemonth old, she was at that point a female parent at that age, which would do her around 28 twelvemonth old. This scene adds to the lamentable part of the show due to Juliet s lack of energy for Paris and marriage. It makes her out affection for her foe, Romeo, show up progressively dark when contrasted with her apathy sing Paris. Juliet is hitting the dance floor with Romeo when her medical attendant disturb them since her female parent is naming for her. In Act I, Scene V Juliet controls her medical caretaker so as to recognize the singularity of the grown-up male with whom she moved. She so tells the medical attendant that she adores her foe. The medical attendant is Juliet s retainer and does a lot to help her during the entire dramatization. The medical attendant does non hold genuineness to Lady Capulet only to Juliet. Act II, Scene V, Juliet has sent her medical caretaker to look for Romeo and when she in the end shows up she needs to rest since she is non in acceptable physical structure. This scene shows the difference between the old and the juvenile. The medical caretaker is intrigued with how energetic Juliet is in her interest for data sing Romeo. Juliet gets the insight that she is to go to admission where Romeo will run into her and they will be hitched. The medical attendant is attempting to secure compassion and handle from Juliet. She reveals to Juliet that she needs to travel make more order for her, so she may hold a pre-marriage ceremony dull with Romeo. She infers that her virginity will be lost and that she will be buckling down all dim. The attendant all through the show makes notices to sex about each clasp she talks. Juliet s euphoria at her outgoing marriage settles on the choice to the show substantially more terrible. She has such expectation and hope at their in the future, that the lack of a from now on is terrible. The discourse by Juliet Act III, Scene II, shows that she is so anxious to lose her virginity. She has a feeling of hunch by talking what will go on to Romeo after perish, he will transmigrate as stars and everybody will go gaga for the dull. The medical attendant enters and Tells Juliet of an expire, she mistakenly accepts that Romeo is dead. At the point when she discovers the Romeo is expelled and Tybalt is dead, she experiences many temper swings in a short clasp. Her tempers are extremely pre-adult. The medical caretaker endeavors to raise Juliet s temper by offering to travel happen Romeo and pass on him to her. Juliet does non want to expire a virgin and acknowledges the medical caretakers offer. Juliet is extremely comfortable within the sight of the medical caretaker ; she talks unreservedly and can show herself casually. Her female parent plays a nearly little capacity in Juliet s life. The attendant and Juliet divide dynamic places of grown-up females, which permit them to be loosened and free without the interest for custom. The medical attendant cautions Juliet about her female parent coming, this is of import since Romeo is in her bed. Juliet would hold incredible issues if her female parent discovered that she had lost her virginity. In the trade between Lady Capulet and Juliet, Juliet is, hoping to disdain Romeo and wishes him hostility. Juliet is truly wishing to bring the affection I bore my cousin or do love to Romeo again. She discloses to her female parent tha T she would be happy to look at Romeo dead, however I think she is suggesting the she will neer be fulfilled until she has him and that her chest is dead without him in her life. Her female parent advises Juliet of her booked marriage to Paris and how caring her male parent has been in taking such a meriting mate. She discloses to her female parent that she will non get hitched Paris, that she would rather get hitched Romeo, whom she despises. There is a degage, generic inclination from the entirety of the trades among Juliet and her female parent. It is by all accounts an extremely unnatural relationship. Her folks won't hear her out thoughts regarding non get marrieding Paris. Juliet conveys a fine-looking karma as the selective inheritor to her male parent s home however she is frail to contradict his pick of whom she is to get hitched ; it is an arranged marriage and it will happen independent. Her male parent reveals to her that he will drag her to chapel on the off chance that she does non comply. The solitary person who attempts to help the guardians see Juliet s position is the medical attendant, who other than gets shouted at by the guardians. Juliet s female parent is extremely furious in light of the fact that Juliet is non being compliant or devoted in tolerating her marriage. The guardians are acting each piece youngster as Juliet in their roseola conclusions and blowing up. The medical caretaker proposes to Juliet that she ought to execute plural marriage, which is illicit and thought about an insidiousness. Juliet cuts the medical caretaker off from any farther confirmation. Juliet feels as though the medical caretaker has deceived her trust by proposing unfaithfulness. Act IV, Scene III discovers Juliet in her resting room prepared to take the kiping elixir that will set her to kip for 3 yearss. She advises the medical attendant non to kip in a similar room as her ; this is in important to facilitate the maestro program. Juliet has a drawn-out discourse where she convinces herself to take the toxicant. She feels alarm at the opportunity of taking the elixir. She is resolved to show signs of improvement of her fears of voyaging distraught in the grave. She about has an anxious separation as she begins fantasizing to see Tybalt s apparition looking for reprisal on Romeo. In Much Ado About Nothing, Act III, Scene I, is the primary clasp that there is a situation when there is no work powers present. Legend is be aftering to hold her cousin, Beatrice, catch a discussion about Benedick s love and want for Beatrice. Beatrice tunes in stealthily as arranged, as Hero and Ursula talk how Beatrice would only limit Benedick in the event that she knew about his affection. Beatrice has a total adjustment of chest and promises to cherish Benedick in the event that he will hold her. Legend is lead oning Beatrice with an end goal to make things happen her sentiments. Saint should hold been imminent and told Beatrice of Benedick s love without the deception. Beatrice has a solid amusingness, which is utilized to hide her singularity, she would rather look solid so defenseless. She gets insurance by using her fast diversion to keep up trades with others shallow. Through the full dramatization there is non much infiltration into Beatrice s mind. Act III, Scene IV discovers Hero apprehensively fixing for her pre-marriage ceremony, while Beatrice acts lovesick and melancholic. Saint says something that her chest is rising above substantial, this is a portentous proclamation of what is to come at the congregation. She feels that this marriage may non be correct, yet she is weak to change the situation. Since Hero is the solitary inheritor to Leonato s domain there is an extraordinary financial incentive to Claudio in this marriage. Claudio used the entirety of the socially right procedures to get Hero as his wedded lady. The treatment in the scene is truly shallow ; of vesture and hair habits non of affection, the great beyond or of children. The connection among Hero and Beatrice, however close, does non experience truly private. They do non parcel profound thoughts and minutes. This might be on the grounds that Shakespeare implied for this show to be a satire and kept it non-romantic on purpose. There are non numerous scenes only between female characters. Saint is an extremely conventional character. She is accommodating and dutiful to he

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Questions - Essay Example He additionally expressed that the significance and charge of fantasy relies upon the examination relating to a specific way of thinking. As far as philosophical examinations, Plato uncovered that legends are viewed as brimming with blunders. This is chosen dependent on the sort of fantasy and the way of thinking in which it is being used. Phaedo, Plato’s imaginative work portrays about death and the fantasies that rotate around the idea of death. It likewise characterizes the alternate extremes and their contentions which thusly underscore on the way that fantasies are viewed as an idea which depends on contentions and contrary energies. Acknowledgment of a way of thinking or a hypothesis and the information on that hypothesis relies upon the truth. The hypotheses must go along well with its reality even before it is seen to turn into a reality. The unique conditions and cutoff points characterize the manner by which a fantasy is comprehended and considered. Mysticism was named as Aristotle’s first way of thinking and it portrayed the all inclusive standards and the presence of individuals. This hypothesis accentuated on the astuteness and its inclination and this was clarified in a logical way. Aristotle planned for rediscovering the logical realities which is viewed as a defining moment in the field of science. Indeed, even the presence of universe and humankind where clarified in an alternate point of view. His conclusion about was likewise unique and he made it a point to clarify them in every single work of his. (Cohen, 2005). Legend wore a totally unique job in Aristotle’s transcendentalism. Despite the fact that Aristotle was a devotee of Plato, his feeling and judgment on fantasy was totally extraordinary when contrasted with that of Plato’s. Aristotle’s thought of fantasy was viewed as cruel in a large portion of his ways of thinking. However, in specific circumstances, he acknowledges the idea of fantasy and characterizes it in a cosmological and

Estimating Realistic Startup Costs

Estimating Realistic Startup Costs Have you ever had an interesting idea and thought that it might be turned into a successful business?Well, you probably have, as has almost everybody.Where are those businesses and why there are not more successful businessmen and businesswomen in the world?The thing is, very few of those initial ideas go from a fleeting thought into an actual realization, and even less become successful in the long run (statistics say that, due to various reasons, around 50 % of startup businesses fail during the first year of existing).The reason behind why people are not more prone to taking action and bringing life to their ideas is the fact that embarking in business could seem like a long shot- a risky, possibly irresponsible undertaking that can leave you with nothing, or at least, with less than you have initially had.So, finances are the main reason why so many good ideas have never seen the light of the day, and it is really easy to see why.Even if you talk to the successful businessmen and ask them about their beginnings and how they tackled finances they will remember the time as stressful, full of difficult decisions, anxiety, and anticipation.The benefits and reaping the success came later. Much later.So, if you have decided that your idea is worth turning into a business, and if you are ready to take on the responsibility, angst, and excitement of trying to create a name for you in the business world read on.WHERE TO STARTOkay, so you have an idea, but is that enough?Unfortunately, it is not.For the idea to be turned into a business it has to be either innovative so there is no competition on the market, or it has to be in high demand or offer a better service than other businesses in the same area.To know that, you need to do market research of the field that you are interested in.This will give you a sense of what is out there and you can feel less anxious or scared to delve into the investment.If you are not going in blind you know where you are putting your m oney, and if you can take that risk.The next thing you should do is make a business plan.Answer the questions like what you consider needs to be achieved in order to consider yourself successful, where you want to be in five years’ time, how you want to get there, and so on.Set up milestones like In one year my store should earn this much. or In five years the company should be international.When you set up those goals, you come to the most important part and that is: How do you get where you want to be?This is where finances come into the picture- your actual plan of allocating resources and earning money.Pay attention that your plan is not something that you follow blindly.The plan should just be an outline, something to help you shape your idea into action.On the way, you will probably have to diverge from the plan, as you will notice that you had a wrong perception of how thing work or you might realize that you need more time to reach that milestone, or it is harder than you thought.This is where you should persevere.Blindly sticking to the plan may be one of the causes that high percentage of startup failures. WHAT ARE YOUR NEEDS?So, we are finally ready to start talking about money.How much money will you need to get your business up and running?It is important to know that this depends on the type of business itself: the startup costs for, lets say, an online shop will not be nearly as big as those for a restaurant.Now, lets imagine that you are a first-time businessman and you have no idea how much money you need to open a restaurant.How much are the furnaces and the stoves, the furniture? What about chefs paycheck?The first thing you should do to get closer to calculating your costs is to, once again, do the market research. This time focus on finding the public financial statements of similar businesses, talk with people in the industry, and get advice.Which brings us to the next thing and that is having a person in your team who knows what they a re doing. Do you know the actual realistic costs of the things you need? If not, seek advice from a mentor.It can be your cofounder, an accountant, a friend or a family member just as long as that person has experience in owning a business and preferably a successful one and is willing to mentor you.If you do this alone, chances are you are going to miss something in the learning process, and that can make a difference in terms of success or failure.Take out as much guessing as possible from the process (this is impossible for innovative ideas in which case you only have to guess as there are no previous data to draw from).A crucial thing is to think six months to a year ahead when you are calculating how much money you will need.A year is optimally a timeframe where you can see if your business is on a growth path, so make sure you do not experience a financial setback during that time.To avoid that you will have to learn how to preserve cash. How do you do that?Start with the esse ntials.This means that you get everything that you need rather than what you want.To get your restaurant up and running you would need a stove and a fridge, but will you need a pasta roller right away if you are not planning on making your own pasta for a couple more years? No.And just like that, you saved yourself a couple of hundred dollars.If you eliminate other non-essential items using the same thinking pattern, you will lower your cost by a sum that makes a difference.Negotiate terms from vendors or get a lease on the items you need rather than buying them. It will lower your initial cost requirements.Another smart thing to do is getting several bids (at least 2 or 3) for the same item you need. Pick the most affordable option but pay attention not to disregard the quality.Your costs are divided into two groups based on how many times you would need to pay for them. The first group is fixed costs, and the second group is the recurrent costs.The fixed costs include:Furniture an d supplies (computers, microwave, phones, AC, and more) you only get this once, or at least, you are not expected to redecorate or purchase computers very oftenBranding this is something you do before you set up a place, and if you do it right; you do it just this once.Logo Create a logo yourself or pay a designer to do that for you, chances are, once your mind is fixed on the idea, it will not change. This expense entails setting up a banner or a screen with the logo on a suitable place.Advertising material posters, flyers, business cards, pens and more. If you order enough in the beginning, you will not have to refill the stock later on.Permits and licenses for a lot of industries you need to get a legal license to do the desired work. Cross it off your list, and do not worry about it anymore.Legal fees there is a certain amount of money that you need to pay to be able to run a business. The amount differs from state to state so visit your local courthouse and get the requir ed information.There are other items that can be taken into account depending on the type of business, so this list is not a definite one.The recurrent costs are those that you will need to cover annually, monthly or weekly and they are:Rent if you need to take up a specific space. This is redundant for home-based or online businesses.Electricity, phone bills, internet connectionSupplies such as paper, pens, staplers, pins, and so on.Advertising pay for ads on local radio or TV stations, newspaper and more (Less than 10% of your budget).Inventory or raw material If, for example, you are selling hats, you need to invest in and refill the stock of hats available in order not to run out. If that happens it creates a bad image of the company. Get raw materials if you are for example specializing in selling hand-made lamps- get enough of everything that you need to make the desired number (up to 25% of your budget).Payroll This entails that you would need to set aside the money that needs to be allocated to issuing paychecks to all the employees. Set aside enough money to get your own paycheck. (Allocate somewhere from 25% to 50% of your budget.)FeesInsuranceLease paymentsTo get a better picture of what you need, make a list and put down anything that comes to mind, even if it is the smallest thing that you consider irrelevant.Just put everything down.Once you have made your list add up the costs, then try to go back and lower them by 25% if you can (and even more).When starting up a new business, novice entrepreneurs are well aware of those fixed costs and it rarely happens that there is an oversight in that area.They come about early in the process so they cannot be missed. At least not easily.The oversight often happens with the estimate of how much money is needed for the recurring costs. The money needed for the day-to-day functioning of a company is called operating or working capital.Why do you need it? Lets put it simply and with the help of an example. If you are a farmer and want to grow tomatoes enough to sell them and never purchase them yourself again, you will need pesticides, watering systems, someone to pick them and so on.This is what you need to keep your tomato farm running. If you want to eat tomatoes while you are waiting for the ones you planted to ripen, you will need to purchase the tomatoes form another farm or vendor.In order to get the tomatoes, you will need the money to purchase it.This is your operating capital, and it covers negative cash flow until you reach breakeven.There are three types, or rather three stages of breakeven:Breakeven without a consistent salary or withdrawal. This means that the business pays for itself but not yet for you.Breakeven with minimal consistent salary or withdrawal. The business starts earning you a certain amount of money. It is not the ideal yet, but the growth shows, and eventually,Breakeven with a good salary and withdrawal. You can consider your business a successful one.L ets take sales for example. To know when you have achieved the third stage of breakeven, you need to know which revenue you will have to hit and when you expect to hit it.To calculate that, you should forecast sales revenues, cost of goods (COG), gross profit (GP), monthly overhead expenses (fixed expenses), and net profit. You should make that forecast for 6-12 months.FUNDINGSo, now that you have reached the preferable cost for everything you need to start your business, what is next to consider?It is the projects funding.This entails all the finances put together in order to start your business. Funding TypesLaymen may think that all initial funding has to come from you if you are creating a business.How many people would you think would be in a position to do that?Almost nobody, actually.There are various sources that can help you get the amount needed.The first one is definitely you. Do you have some savings waiting to be used for something meaningful? Invest them in a new busin ess.How much money you have to start with is of no importance if you are being smart about the investment.Another investor can be your co-founder or your partner. Pull your funds together to see if there is enough to cover at least the first 6 months from the initial date.If you find that both of you (or more) still do not have enough money, the time has come to bring in a third person into the mix.Now, what you can do is ask for outside capital in three different places:Go to the bank and apply for a loan. Many banks offer special deals for startup companies. So just go to your bank and get the information on what requirements you need to meet in order to qualify for a loan.Another thing that you can do is get funding from so-called angel investors or venture capitalists (VCs). An angel investor is a person who is ready to invest some of their own money to help you out.They usually have experience in creating startup companies; maybe they have done it successfully in the past and n ow want to help out other striving entrepreneurs.Of course, they do not to that out of the kindness of their hearts. When they invest in your startup they get shares of your company that they can later sell and earn money themselves.The third outside investor can be a venture capitalist. A VC is a person who works for a venture capital companies.They take other peoples money and invest them in startup companies. In exchange for the investment, they also get their fair share of shares of the company.The shares are divided among the investors according to the amount of money they have invested. But, how do you get the investors to help you out?How do you persuade them that your company is not a hopeless case just waiting to fail?With companies that already exist but need more funding for branching out, there are existing financial statements, evidence of the companys success and proper functioning, so the investor can deduce that their money will not be put at too much risk.However, t he startup with startup businesses it is more difficult to set up a value of the company. As the business is brand new, there are no previous accounts to rely on.Then startup valuation comes into the picture. There are several methods that can be used and some of them are Venture Capital Method, Discounted Valuation Method and more.How do you know that you need more funding?When you have added up all the items that you would need for the business to run (both one-time and recurrent costs), and when you have added up all the funding sources (personal, angel investors, VCs, and bank loans), it is time for a review.If your cost is lower than your funding, you are on the right path, and even have some funds to spare. If your cost is higher than your funding you should consider either getting more funds or reducing your cost.ADDITIONAL TIPSGet an accountant, and get one right away. You might think that your expertise is enough to add up some numbers and see if you have enough funding, an d you might be right. But what if you miss something?Hiring an accountant at the very start could seem like one of those optional costs to take into account.And yes, allocating a certain amount of money to use as the accountants paycheck could seem like a lot when you are on the very beginning and you are not even paying yourself yet. (There is another, cheaper option: hire a part-time accountant or a volunteer to that for you.)An accountant is extremely valuable. He keeps track of all your expenses, makes sure that you have collected all your receipts, and keeps things organized.He is likely to save you a lot of money in the long run. Experience has shown that hiring an accountant can be a lot less expensive than if you do it later and try to cover the mess and play catch-upPay attention who you are partnering with.Make sure that the person who creates a business with you is trustworthy.Usually, it is someone you know well- a good friend or a family member, so you think you are fam iliar with their work ethics as well.In that case, just make sure that they share the same values and passion for the idea.You do not want to wake up two years into your business only to realize that your cofounder does not want to do it anymore.And, this one is maybe obvious, but do not jump into partnerships with people you do not know just because their story sounds inspiring.Allocate rainy day money. Since you cannot predict the amount of money to a dime, give yourself space to make mistakes.The rainy day fund will cover any unexpected expenses or setbacks that you might encounter.This can be anything from paying a fee to a computer technician if a computer crashes, or covering some bigger issues. FINAL THOUGHTGetting your new business up and running can be stressful for many people. However, if you tackle the matter in the right way-responsibly and thoroughly, there is no need to be afraid of a little math.Do your research, ask your mentors for advice, track your growth progres s and you should be on the right path to owning a successful and thriving business.However, following a plan and wanting to earn a lot and be rich will only get you so far. To truly be sure of your future success, combine all those before-mentioned factors with pure passion and love for what you are doing.Only by knowing the true purpose of why you are doing what you are doing will you succeed in establishing yourself among other successful businessmen?

Essay on The Aging Population of the Last Century - 967 Words

In the beginning of last century, the world population was 1.65 billion while the current population reached 7 billion in 2012 (United Nations, Web). Among this 7 billion people, 810 million are older person. According to the United Nations, person of the age 60 is considered as older person, but many developed countries categorize person of the age 65 as older person. In The Study of Population published in 1959 by Philip Hauser and Otis Dudley Duncan, â€Å"aging population† was not appeared in it. At that time, the world did not pay much attention to the aging issue as the world population was still young. But it is a big issue to the world as the number of older person exceed the number of younger person now. The aging population has†¦show more content†¦The immigrants, besides filling up the emply spot causes by shortage of labor in the market, they bring the new life in Canadian trading sector. The birth rate keeps declining after the baby boom period reach the end of early 1960s and the prolonged life expectancy have caused the shortage of labor force in our market today. Many people who were borned during the baby boom period has reached the retiring age, this could create a gap in the labor market as there are not enough supply of labor force locally. This could slow dow the economy activity. Life expectancy in certain selected countries has an average rise of 9 years from 1965 to 2005, however, many western courtries set the retirement age to 65. However, when the birth rate between those years keep falling and this causes the steady supply of manpower to the market. Some suggest to raise the retirement age and â€Å"various countries such as France, Ireland, Greece, and the United Kingdom have recently raised the normal legal retirement age† (Bloom, Boersch-Supan, McGee, Seike). In UK, between 2024 and 2046, the retirement age for men and women will rise g radually from 65 to 68. In this way, the retirement age has aShow MoreRelatedThe Aging American Population Essay648 Words   |  3 PagesThe Aging American Population The American population has changed dramatically over the last century. Our society has become effected by this in all areas and walks of life. It is unknown what the future holds for America, but the statistical trends in an aging population may shed some light. The Read MoreDemographics of the Aging Population1103 Words   |  5 Pageshead: DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE AGING POPULATION Demographics of the Aging Population University of Phoenix Health Care Consumer - Trends and Marketing HCS-490 Ann Fairchild July 31, 2011 Demographics of the Aging Population The aging population is one the most rapidly increasing issue across the nation today. According to demographic data, it has been gradually developing over the last two hundred years. 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Even those within America s elderly population hold conflictingRead MoreIs the Prolonged Span of Life by Medic Care Technology a Triumph or a Tragedy?864 Words   |  4 Pagesinstead, a tragedy. A number of people suggested that a longer life span has always been the wildest dream of mankind and now it’s being achieved to some extent by our advanced science and technology. Others argued that, an increasing amount of older population due to a longer life span proved to be a huge burden of the society as well as themselves. However, as far as I’m concerned, the key to the debate whether this prolonged life span should be considered a triumph or a tragedy does not lie in theRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Population Aging1438 Words   |  6 Pagessociety where our families are our major support. Our population is growing. We have already get used that people have few or many siblings or cousins and big families are not rare. However, it is unlikely to last long. 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Shakespeare Studies. Name. - 1110 Words

Shakespeare studies Name Institution. Shakespeare studies Most ancient Romans used superstitions as a way to explain nature as they were not enlightened enough. However, the rich class believed in less superstitions as they were enlightened more though there were superstitions that they still believed in. Romans sourced their beliefs in superstitions from the Etruscans. The Romans referred to the Etruscan books of divination, which included writings of what the gods meant through the signs and also writings of telling the future. The Etruscans could†¦show more content†¦(Taylor, Myron, 2000) A second observable superstition in the play was that about the weather, thunder and lightning were believed to come with bad happenings. This was the rule in many of Shakespeare’s tragedies. An example from text is, there is ravaging thunder and lightning like no one had seen before in the night where Cassius and the conspirators are creating a plot to assassinate Caesar. Casca sees the weather that was shaking the streets and interprets it as either there was a civil strife in heaven or one is about to be on earth. This may show that the plot that was being made against Caesar would bring a civil strife on the land. However, these signs are seen to be interpreted differently to suite what you want them to mean. In this particular context, Cassius and the conspirators also see the lightning and hear the thunder and interpret it as a warning to the romans about Caesar’s monstrous state of tyranny in Rome. (Wells, Stanley and Michael Dobson, 2001) Thirdly, there is an expression of ‘Ides of March’. This actually referred to March 15, the day when Julius Caesar was assassinated by the Roman conspirators. This term at first appears when a soothsayer approached Caesar and warns him on two occasions to be aware of the ideas of March. Caesar however arrogantly dismisses the soothsayer’s thoughts terming them as mere dreams. Hence,Show MoreRelatedBiography of William Shakespeare1709 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare: Real or Fake? Introduction Who is the real Shakespeare? There are those who insist that William Shakespeare is the author of the many works attributed to him and reports state that there are those who believe some type of conspiracy exists to protect the real name of the author of those works. Claims state that there is no evidence to document William Shakespeare of Stratford as the author and that he did not have the aristocratic background, education, or knowledge to haveRead MoreEssay on The Authorship of Shakespeare1647 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare was a playwright from Stratford who had arguably the most influential affect on English literature and the English language. His works are still praised to this day for their divine superiority, however, controversy in exceeding amounts has risen over the dispute of his authorship. This controversy has been the topic of many arguments between differently opinionated scholars who support opposing theories and beliefs (Friedman XV). A difficult dilemma con fronts biographers who tellRead MoreEssay about The Shakespeare Authorship Debate1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe Shakespeare Authorship Debate Although William Shakespeare is considered to be one of the most revered and well-renowned authors of all time, controversy surrounds the belief that he actually produced his own literary works. Some rumors even go so far as to question the reality of such a one, William Shakespeare, brought on by paralleling the quality of his pieces with his personal background and education. With such farfetched allegations, it persuaded others to peek into the person we allRead MoreEssay on Did William Shakespeare Write the Plays and Sonnets or Not?1488 Words   |  6 PagesIt disputes whether Shakespeare himself wrote the plays and sonnets or if it was someone else writing under a pseudonym. There are countless theories of who the writer might actually be but the main suspects are Shakespeare himself, Edward de Vere, Sir Francis Bacon, Christopher Marlowe, William Stanley, Roger Manners, Sir Walter Raleigh and Mary Sidney Herbert (Pressley). The first to be presumed the writer is Shakespeare himself. Many theorists believe it wasn’t Shakespeare due to the fact thatRead MoreEssay about The Character of Prospero in Shakespeares The Tempest1310 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter of quite the same stature as Prospero.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Latin, the name Prospero would mean, I hope for. That which a member of English Renaissance society would generally have hoped for would be salvation, in the terms of Christian theology. Another meaning of his name would be prosperity, implying that everything which he attempts will prosper. There is certainly a connotation of hopefulness in his name.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prospero is purified intellect. He is a white magician;Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Good And Lasting Legacy822 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare William Shakespeare left a good, lasting legacy that we see almost every day and we don t even know it s there. A legacy is something that you leave behind weather good or bad, Shakespeare s left a legacy of books and being thought as one of the greatest writers in the world. In William’s life he created many pieces of literature and words that people use everywhere today. We may not know a whole lot about William Shakespeare’s life but we can see that he was a veryRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet977 Words   |  4 PagesGo up to just about any literary scholar and ask them the simple question of, who is the greatest writer known to the planet. Many will respond with a likely sarcastic response, but tell you of the man known as William Shakespeare. He’s most popular for his drama play called Romeo and Juliet, but holds credentials in the literary department for much more than that. He’s written dozens of plays, many dramas such as Ma cBeth and Hamlet, with some noteworthy comedies for the time period like Much AdoRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 868 Words   |  4 PagesFAMILY IS FOREVER When I read Shakespeare, one of the main things I think about is how great women have it today as compared to Shakespeare’s time. While may be arguable that as of recently that we may be living in a post patriarchal society, in Shakespeare’s day the patriarchy was undeniable. Women were property and were utterly controlled by men. They had to look a certain way. act a certain way and most of all be obedient to the men closest to them. The most attractive trait a woman had back inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1733 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare is a figure shrouded in mystery. In this paper, the title of â€Å"Shakespeare† will refer to the author of the works currently credited to William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon. Shakespeare is undoubtedly one of the most famous writers of all time. He created masterpieces like Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and several more. For a long period of time, William Shakespeare from Stratford-upon-Avo n was considered the author of all the works credited to Shakespeare. For over a centuryRead MoreEssay on Who Was The True Shakespeare? 1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe Shakespeare name is known by almost everyone. The true identity of the great writer is still a mystery. There isn’t a single picture to portray the true identity of Shakespeare. When you look at the pictures they are different and resemble someone else. We know that he was a well educated business man, knowledgeable in the law and Royalty just for starters. The man credited with the works doesn’t poses these qualities. Over the years, more people ask the same question, who was the true

Intimate Partner Violence ( Tda ) - 1654 Words

Introduction To begin with, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has been around for a very long time and it is still a present issue in the United States. There are many forms intimate partner violence such as, sexual, physical, emotional, and psychological. IPV occurs among all religious, socioeconomic, and cultural groups in the United States and other countries. As many people know intimate partner violence tends to come with consequences after the damage is done to the victim. Intimate partner violence does not just happen out of nowhere where the perpetrator thinks they have the right to be violent towards their spouse. The issue of IPV is connected to the cycle of violence in ways that it gives you an idea as to why the perpetrator thinks they have the right to hit the victim. In many cases not only do they think they have the right to due such thing but also feel like they have control over their spouse and have a mindset that they own them and will do anything just to keep them. Often the perpetrators feel guilty for being violent towards their loved ones that they come to a point of being apologetic and doing anything in their power to keep them. This author believes that intimate partner violence is a big issue and for many victims it is hard for them to escape the relationship. The victims go through so much in staying in the relationship that once they decide to definitely leave the relationship they end up suffering consequences and seeking available resources toShow MoreRelatedIntimate Partner Violence ( Tda ) Directed Against Women1685 Words   |  7 PagesThere is no question that intimate partner violence (IPV) directed against women is a fundamental issue. However, it is clear that a paradigm has been developed within the IPV literature which generally holds that it is gender-based; that perpetrators are exclusively or disproportionately male (Dutton., 2006) and that females are the sole victims. Whilst the original function of this paradigm was to generate social change in a direction that righted an imbalance against women (Dutton NichollsRead MoreChildcare: Education and Subject Code Essay43120 Words   |  173 PagesSupporting Teaching and Learning Subject Code: 501/1706/3 Level 2 Certificate in Cover Supervision Subject Code: 501/1718/X Ascentis Level 3 Diploma in Specialist Support for Teaching and Learning Subject Code: 501/1719/1 UNIT SPECIFICATIONS TDA 3.1 Communication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults Credit Value of Unit: 2 GLH of Unit: 10 Level of Unit: 3 Learning Outcomes The learner will be able to 1 Understand the principles of developing positive relationshipsRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 PagesFraternization †¢ 4–16, page 27 Standards of conduct †¢ 4–17, page 27 Employment and volunteer work of spouse †¢ 4–18, page 27 Hazing †¢ 4–194–20, page 28 Informal funds †¢ 4–21, page 29 Misuse of Government travel charge cards †¢ 4–22, page 29 Domestic Violence Amendment to the Gun Control Act of 1968 †¢ 4–23, page 30 Chapter 5 Other Responsibilities of Command, page 32 General †¢ 5–1, page 32 Appearance before congressional committees †¢ 5–2, page 32 Political activities †¢ 5–3, page 32 Command aspectsRead MoreLearning and Social Care Essay examples30870 Words   |  124 PagesFor each unit the following material has been provided: Unit title Unit number Unit reference Unit level Unit credit value Provides a clear, concise explanation of the content of the unit. The unique number assigned by the owner of the unit (e.g. TDA, CACHE etc.). The unique reference number given to each unit at qualification approval by Ofqual. Denotes the level of the unit within the QCF framework. The value that has been given to the unit based on the expected learning time for an average learner

Animal Testing (2182 words) Essay Example For Students

Animal Testing (2182 words) Essay Animal TestingMedicines, household products, food, and basically everything involved in thelife of an average person has to under go a form of testing before it is legalto be placed on a shelf and if available to the public. The same tests areperformed on every medical procedure that is introduced to surgeons. Since theonly way to directly mimic the human body is to use it itself, scientists wereforced to find the closest and best alternative. That is where animals wereintroduced to the medical profession. Experimentation on animals date back to asearly as 500 BC, making this form of medical validation one of the oldest knownto humans. It is not only one of the oldest but one of the most informative. Scientists use animals in medical research to study how the body works and howto diagnose, cure, and prevent disease. Researchers also use animals for teststo try to protect the public from dangerous chemicals, (Day, 13) such as thoseincluded in detergents, bleach, and other household products. When live animalsare used in experimentation, this practice is called vivisection. Animals areused in many instances because their bodies often react in a similar way to thatof a humans. Although animals have been used in medical research for numerousyears it was not until the early 1920s that it became more prominent. It wasat this point that the introduction of using live, un-anesthetized, animals tostudy toxic effects on an increasing array of drugs, pesticides and foodadditives was introduced. After this great advance in medical research theresults of using animals grew with leaps and bounds. In 1970 this process peakedwith the use of millions of animals. Since then, according to the USDAs Animals Welfare Enforcement, 1,267,828 animals were used for medical purposes in1998, which is more than a 50 percent decrease since 1970. Although this is adrastic drop in animals used there have been many medical advances; virtuallyevery medical break through this century has come about as the result ofresearch with animals. (Office of Technology) Of the many animals used forexperiments, about 90 percent of the animals used are rats, mice and otherrodents. Animals such as these are used for two reasons, one because they arereadily available upon request, and two because they are cheap which helps aidthe large cost of animals experimentation. Although it has been proven, that inmany cases, rats and mice are not an accurate subject to test medicines on;their popularity has only grown larger. Mechanize (a travel sickness drug)caused severe deformities in rats, but not in humans, whereas Thalidomide (asedative drug) caused no reaction in rats but cause deformities in humans. Thisis on ly one of the many cases where mice and rats have been found as faulty testsubjects. With the wide range of animals that are available, the tests the areused on them are even vaster. The tests are broken down into many differentcategories, which allows scientists to zero in on certain areas of testing andto specify results. The largest and most useful area of testing is calledToxicity Testing. In toxicity tests, animals are generally exposed to chemicalsin ways that are meant to mimic human exposure, by ingestion, inhalation, skincontact and contact with the eyes. The type of animals used in this fieldinclude rodents, dogs, cats, fish, birds (chickens, hens, pigeons) rabbits,frogs, pigs, sheep, and primates. Toxicity testing is aimed at providinginformation, which can be used to attempt to protect society and the environmentagainst the harmful effects of chemicals. (Boyd, 184) Eye irritancy tests, thelargest and most controversial area in toxcity testing, began in 1920. It wasintrod uced because soldiers were exposed to mustard gas in World War I, theireyes began to burn and some lost sight. To understand what the effects of themustard gas more clearly scientist used rabbits as their test subjects. Theywould force they eyes of the rabbit open and let mustard gas fester for days,they would then compare their findings to the effects on humans. After thisfirst introduction to the benefits of eye irritancy tests its use began moreuseful. This method of toxicity tests is now used to test everything fromshampoo to pesticides. Anti-vivisection activists consider this type of testingthe most cruel because it directly damages a vital part of an animals body. Also, it is very hard to repair the eye due to its extreme sensitivity. TheDraize Test is used to measure the harmfulness of ingredients contained inhousehold products and cosmetics. It is much like they tests that were used totest mustard gas, but it is much more scientific and in ways slightly crueler. Night EssayHistorys most infamous drug disaster left 10,000 crippled and deformed. Theculprit was thalidomide, marketed initially as a sedative by German scientists. Its clinical acceptance was based on an apparent lack of toxicity testing. Animals involved in testing could tolerate massive doses in routine testswithout ill effects, but when the drug was introduced to the public it caused areaction with the nervous system of small children, harming them for life. Although there is a great amount of controversy behind animal research and ithas been brought up time and time again that animal experimentation should beabolished, the is the undeniable fact that without it there would be so muchthat the medical field would be lacking. It is hard to say where we would be ifwe never had introduced animals into medicine. One thing is for sure, we wouldhave lost millions of people to diseases that are now curable. Without animalresearch Polio would have killed thousands of unvaccinated children in this yearalone, there would be no insulin, no control on high blood pressure, nochemotherapy, and no anesthesia resulting in painful medical procedures. Measlesis another childhood infection preventable by vaccination, by introducing avaccination in 1968, the numbers of children infected dropped drastically. Alsodeaths from heart disease has fallen twenty four percent in men and fifty onepercent in women, a tremendous improvement. (Sharpe, 45) Other benefits tohumans include bone marrow transplantation, cyclosporin and other anti-rejectiondrugs. One of the largest fields in which animals are used for experimentationis in cancer research. In 1918 Japanese scientists produced cancer on a rabbitsear by painting it with tar, and a new ear in cancer research began. (Sherry,75) The research that followed was used to fight, understand and try to controlthe conditions of tumors that cause cancer, and to also learn how and why theygrow and spread. The development of chemotherapy was tested on rodents, monkeysand rabbits in 1950. Forty years later, in 1990, scientists began closing in onthe genetic and environmental factors that lead to breast cancer, which is theleading killer of American women between the ages of 35-54, the main speciesused in these experiments were fruitflies, mice and rats. (History of MedicalDiscoveries and Advances website, http://www.amprogress.org/history.htm, 1999)Although cancer has not been cured completely the benefit s that animalexperimentation have brought to this field of research is without a doubtamazing. Now, thanks to epidemiology we now know that 80-90 percent of cancersare preventable. (Sharpe, 173) In 1950 scientists used rats and mice todiscovery DNA, which is what determines individual hereditary characteristic. Also in this same time scientists experimented on rats, rabbits and monkeys todevelop tranquilizers. We now use tranquilizers to reduce hyperactivity, anxietyand tension. In 1970, by using monkeys and armadillos treatment foe leprosy wasdeveloped, as well as measle prevention. Not only do humans benefit from theresearch done on animals but also so do the animals themselves. Many of thedrugs and procedures that have been of importance for humans are of equaleffectiveness in animals. The attempt to produce vaccines against animalsdisease began almost as early as that of humans. Over half of the veterinarymedicine used today originated from medicine used on humans, such as the vaccineformed for feline leukemia. Animal organ transplantation has also been furtheredby human experimentation on animals. There is so much that is entailed whenusing animals in research everyone must be pleased. As with ever issue in theUnited States today not everyone can ever be pleased, and that is also the t ruthwith animal experimentation. Without it people would be sick and dying, but withit animals are dying to save our lives. The only way that it could be completelycut out of the medical industry is if humans began to voluntarily donate theirbodies for experiments, the chances of that happening are slim to none. So theoptions need to be addressed, should people die from diseases and faultymedicines or should animals die to save our lives? It is hard to say weatherthis issue will ever be solved. It can be said though, that all people havebenefited from animal experimentation at one point in their life or another. Weather that instance is in a surgical procedure, of the safety that is promisedwhen we use a shampoo. Either way everyone has had a safer and more healthilylife thanks to the animals that have sacrificed their lives for ours.

Movie Review In the Womb Essay Example

Movie Review: In the Womb Essay A must see movie for future parents! Experience  the life before birth, The formation, a step by step in a film that have not been seen like him. In the womb, was produced for National Geographic Channel . Its includes  features in advanced technology, simulations that have been  generated by ultrasound photography in four dimensions. Before it takes its first breath, a human baby has been through an incredible transformation from a single cell to a complex, self-sustaining organism.Watch this amazing process in real time inside the womb. Recommendation + personal experience I remember that moment I realized that my wifes stomach size is what supposed to be my child, with Gods help,  I studied this film, explaining   me something that is very difficult for me personally to understand: how our body produces live? How does it work? If you think that I got it after seeing the film and that I  understood all of these scientific facts, then youre wrong, its still seems like a crazy miracle that happens one after the other in the all wide World.I strongly recommend everyone to see that   movie, it shows the very little detailsof the process  and even shows us the fetus  in  a verity of positions, moves, making faces, etc that we cant see without that film. you will enjoy it. Source:  http://www. shvoong. com/exact-sciences/2000143-womb/#ixzz2cqvNjWSF Maybe this has already been talked about and I missed it, but I thought I would let all of you ladies know about a National Geographic special my husband recorded for me to watch called In the Womb. I HIGHLY recommend the film.Its a fairly new documentary about how babies develop and its quite interesting. I thought I would do a little review for you all since some of you are midwives and others are looking for informational videos. There are good and bad things about the documentary, but the end made me so very, VERY happy that Ive forgiven the film all of its faults. Con: The intro is of a woman in labor screaming bloody murder like they do in the movies while giving birth. Youll forgive this later, however. Read on. Con: I kinda almost fell asleep at the beginning when they were covering conception.It was stuff weve all heard a million times in school, so it was pretty redundant. Get to the babies already! Pro: Some of the computer graphics and filming was really amazing. They use all new footage, no recycled stuff from other documentaries. Con: Sometimes the film would state some fact and then not back it up in any way, so youd be left wondering gee, thats new. Where on earth did they get THAT? For example, during one part, they said that a woman is more likely to have a miscarriage if she experiences stress, has an immune disorder, or if she has previously given birth to a boy.Now, Ive had three miscarriages, so Ive read tons of information about it and never have I heard that giving birth to a boy makes you more likely to have a miscarriage. I thought wow, really? Wher ed they hear that? but they just went on to the next subject without explaining. Con: 99% of the babies in the film are not real they are either rubber models (which look absolutely fantastically realistic, by the way) or these super creepy alien-looking computer generated babies that totally freaked me out. They were a bit disturbing looking.Con: They stressed the value of ultrasound in the video and Im personally against it, but it doesnt lose a lot of points with me because a lot of women are pro ultrasound. Pro: They did mention that ultrasound might be harmful, though it is not known to cause problems in babies. They also mentioned that while we cant hear ultrasound, babies CAN because it creates an echo inside the water-filled uterus. They explained that babies run from it because it is extremely loud somewhat like standing next to a subway train. Pro: They provided TONS of the most amazing 4D footage of babies Ive ever seen.They had videos of babies only weeks old in the w omb yawning, playing with their noses and feet, and twins interacting with each other. I cried at parts. Pro: Aside from a brief (and very low-key) clip where a doctor does a minor surgery on an unborn fetus along with a few short clips of doctors performing ultrasound, there were NO HOSPITAL SCENES or doctors in the film. Woot! The best part ever: The film follows only one mother through her pregnancy and ends with her giving birth. I grumbled my way through a few mildly irritating parts of the film, but whe I reached the end, I got a rather shocking surprise.When its time for the mother to give birth, you see her standing yes standing next to a bed in a birthing center giving birth. There is not one doctor in the room or a machine beeping of any kind, only the woman, her midwife, the cameraman, and the husband. There are no bright lights and its very quiet except for the womans screams. Then, to my utter delight, the narrator informs the viewers that standing or squatting are th e best positions in which to give birth and that it is better and more comfortable for the mother than laying on her back.I wish every reader could have been there with me as I whooped and hollered and punched my fists in the air in delight! Imagine a mainstream documentary saying something like that! The baby is immediately handed to the mother through her legs and she sits on the bed with her newborn, a smile plastered on her delighted face. No one takes her baby away. The midwife waits to cut the cord and then the mother is seen breastfeeding. WAY TO GO NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC!! So yes, any midwives out there who are looking for a good educational video, Id have to say that this is the one.Its not about birth, its about development, but its the best Ive seen so far and its SO ultra pro-natural birth. ETA: SORRY! The Youtube link seems to have been taken down. Ill keep an eye out for any other sites hosting the full video   -Amber National Geographic Channels In the Womb by Inbar Ma ayan  Keywords:  Human development,  Movies,  Fetus Written, produced, and directed by Toby Mcdonald, the 2005 National Geographic Channel film  In the Womb  uses the most recent technology to provide an intricate glimpse into the prenatal world.The technologies used, which include advanced photography, computer graphics, and 4-D  ultrasound  imaging, help to realistically illustrate the process of development and to answer questions about the rarely seen development of a human being. The following description of the images and narrative of the film captures the major points of  In the Womb, and of embryonic and fetal development, as they are seen at the outset of the twenty-first century, depicted in only 100 minutes. In the Womb  opens with a glimpse of the mature  fetus  moments before she is ready to emerge into the outside world.The narrator explains that at this final stage, she is equipped with all of the faculties necessary for full function outside t he  womb. The main focus of the film, however, is the journey leading up to these final moments, a journey that begins with just a single cell. This journey is viewed intermittently throughout the film using 3-D and 4-D  ultrasound  scanning techniques which show the baby moving. 4-D refers to a string of 3-D images taken in real time (time is the fourth dimension), thus creating a movie of in utero events.In addition, the process is simulated by computer imaging based on observations, giving a vivid portrayal of embryonic and fetal development. The developmental narrative begins with millions of swimming  sperm, and an explanation of their unique purpose—carrying the father’s genetic information to the moment of  conception. The  sperm  are produced in a man’s  testes, and their quality depends on his lifestyle choices; they tend to be damaged by the consumption of various drugs and by heat, and stimulated by the consumption of coffee.A singlesp erm  is filmed swimming across a black landscape, which accentuates the rapid, intricate movements of its tail. The tail’s flexibility allows the  sperm  to progress approximately a tenth of an inch per minute. Millions of  sperm  are filmed as they appear in the  vagina, many of them dead on their sides, with the vast crowd in the middle swimming toward the  uterus, the  fallopian tubes, and the  egg, which looks like a moon-like orb nestled among its protective agents. This  egg, like all her others, was formed during the mother’s own time in the  womb  and has resided in her body ever since.The film suggests that in order to find the  egg, the  sperm  Ã¢â‚¬Å"sniff it out† using their figurative sense of smell. A graphical simulation shows the  sperm  traveling toward the awaiting  egg, and one of them penetrating its outer layer. The bigger picture, in which the rest of the  spermare permanently shut out upon  fertilizat ion, is filmed. Another graphical simulation follows, illustrating the fusion of the father’s and the mother’s genetic material at the moment of  conception. The narrator notes that this particular genetic combination has never before existed, and will never be duplicated in another human being.DNA, which carries the organism’s genetic information and is bundled in the chromosomes, is depicted as a long, energetic helix that carries the more than 20,000  genes  that make up an average human. These  genes  are responsible for various characteristics and are determined by parental contributions. They are absolutely crucial to the development of new life. The various physical effects of genetic information are illustrated in the display of various shapes of eyes, noses, hair, and other features.The great variability of genetic effects on appearance is depicted by the morphing of a face to show a variety of characteristics, both male and female. It is note d, however, that while the parents contribute equal amounts of genetic information, it is the DNA from the  sperm  that determines the child’s sex, via its twenty-third chromosome, which is either an X or a Y. The  genes  contributed by the parents largely predetermine the child’s appearance and much of the child’s personality and predisposition for certain diseases.After the illustration and explanation of  fertilization, a description of the fertilized egg’s journey toward the  uterus  is accompanied by film footage of the process. As it sails along the fallopian tube on the first day of its journey, the single cell divides into two identical cells. Cell division continues and by the fifth day, the resulting ball of cells is made up of about 100 cells and is called a  blastocyst. At this stage, theblastocyst  will split into two groups of cells: the outer layer prepares to become the  placenta,  umbilical cord  and fetal membrane s, and the inner layer prepares to become the embryo itself.The cells making up the inner part of the  blastula  are  stem cells, and have the ability to differentiate into all of the different types of cells that make up the human body. One week after  fertilization, the  blastula  reaches theuterus, where it will start to develop into a new human being. Three weeks into  gestation,  In the Womb  simulates the embryo folding inward and elongating as the basic body plan is determined. An actual embryo at this stage is shown and a basic spine is visible.The top of the embryo, destined to become the head and brain, is indicated; this region has already begun to generate  nerve cells  by the fifteenth day of the  pregnancy. These  nerve cells  will proliferate and eventually become the brain and the  central nervous system. The heart forms soon after this, and twenty-two days after  conception, begins to beat. This movement is initiated by a single heart cell which begins to beat and induces the cells around it to beat to the same rhythm. Close-up filming shows this pulse as heart cells proliferate and the organ continues to form.With the formation of the heart come thin veins and early blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients; the blood in these veins moves to the beat of the heart. During the early stages of development the heart beats relatively independently, though its function will later be carefully regulated by the brain. By the time the embryo is four weeks old, preliminary eyes have appeared on her head. These look like dark spots on a pale landscape of surrounding tissue on which the early contours of the forehead, nose, mouth, and other parts of the mature face can be seen.In addition, arm and leg buds emerge. The narrator mentions that even though thirty days have passed since  conception, the embryo is almost indistinguishable from the embryos of other mammals. The changes taking place in the em bryo’s  morphology  over the following few weeks are shown through film progression. The face plates move in to better define facial features, arms and legs continue to take shape, and the head becomes more clearly defined. At six weeks, the embryo is about an inch long, has a firmly rooted and visible  umbilical cord, and the outline of her fingers can be distinguished as well.The eyes have developed by leaps and bounds, although they are not yet concealed by eyelids. The nostrils are now visible, wide-set beneath the eyes on a head that is giant in relation to the size of the body. By the end of eight weeks of  gestation, the embryo is called afetus  and is no longer dependent on the  yolk  sac that nourished it during the  embryonic stage of development. The  yolk  sac, a balloon-like structure of tissue with visible veins, vanishes at this point and the  fetus  becomes solely dependent on the  umbilical cord  rooted in theplacenta, and thus on the mother’s blood for nutrition.A close examination of the  placenta  reveals intricate blood vessels transporting the nutrients necessary for the embryo’s growth, while keeping out many of the toxins present in the mother’s own blood. Despite the placenta’s effectiveness, substances like drugs and alcohol cannot be completely be filtered out, and it’s up to the mother to limit her consumption of them. By nine weeks, the nervous system has developed dramatically and starts to allow the  fetus  to move. Although this movement, shown through computer simulation, is not yet connected to the brain, it promotes agility and further growth.After this point, the body will gradually come under the control of the brain. This change also has the effect of regulating heart rate, which may increase to more than 150 beats per minute before cerebral  regulation. A standard  ultrasound  is performed at the Create Health Clinic in London at the concl usion of the first  trimester, and the narrator explains how  ultrasound  waves function to create the image on the screen. While a physician explains the various tests that can be done at this stage of  pregnancy  using  ultrasound, the baby’s heart can be seen contracting and expanding in the moving image.A step beyond standard  ultrasound  is the 4-D scan, which shows the three-dimensional  fetus  moving in real time. This tool allows for even more accurate evaluation of the fetus’s health and development. It shows everything from the  fetus  moving her arms to yawning or playing with her nose. Four-dimensional scans of various babies at different stages of development greatly expand the amount of detail that is visible to the world outside the  womb. The narrator also notes that this first  ultrasound  scan is the first opportunity to ascertain the number of fetuses present in the  womb.Four-dimensional scans also allow us to see the preliminary steps of a baby’s literal first steps. These are manifested in scans of eleven- and twelve-week-old fetuses kicking and pushing off the walls of the  uterus  as they exercise the use of their appendages. This movement is called the stepping reflex, and it is controlled by the fetus’s nervous system. The five weeks leading up to this point, weeks six through eleven, are considered to be the period in which the  fetus  undergoes the most dramatic transformations in its developmental journey.By the end of the eleventh week, all organs have formed, but the  fetus  is still tiny—about three inches long—and thus must grow significantly before it can be  viable. Sex is also determined at this point, and the sex organs produce  hormones  that further regulate the sexual development of the  fetus. Miscarriage beyond this point is far less likely than during the first three months of  pregnancy, since the  fetus  is more stabl e. As time goes on, the  fetus  looks more and more human, and her senses sharpen further.Simulation reveals highly developed hands and the hardening (ossification) of bones beneath the semi-transparent skin. The face looks far more â€Å"human† as well, with the eyes now closer together and the nose and mouth more defined. By this time, the brain controls most of the body–including the heart–through thecentral nervous system. Aside from seeing the heart, a Doppler probe is also used to hear what the fetus’ heart sounds like. It beats at a frantic 146 beats per minute, which the physician indicates is a healthy pace for a  fetus  this age.At four months, she not only has control of her heart rate, but she also begins to respond to physical stimuli and to move around a lot. She has also begun to develop proprioception, which is the awareness of the body’s position in its surroundings. She is shown feeling the sides of the  womb  and gras ping at different parts of her body. Four-dimensional images of twins also reveal how interactive they are with each other; identical twins, however, interact much more than do fraternal twins, who have a membrane separating them.This membrane is also visible with this more detailed scanning tool. Eighteen weeks after  conception, fetal movements become readily detectable to the mother. In addition, the  fetus  starts digesting amniotic fluid as her digestive system begins preparation for the outside world. Another preparation has been revealed by 4-D scans, where thefetus  can be seen practicing the blinking reflex. Soon, she will even have her own fingerprints. At the conclusion of the second  trimester, the  fetus  is fully formed but still needs to experience dramatic growth and to develop her senses.The film states that at this stage, she begins to taste flavors from her mother’s food, and to hear the sounds that surround her cocoon, including the tone and cadence of her mother’s voice. Comfort with her mother’s various sense-inducing habits may even prove conducive to more healthy development once the baby has been born. In the Womb  also notes that, as well as providing a preliminary basis for diagnosis of complications,  ultrasound  scans also promote the development of parental attachment to the yet-unborn child.Ultrasound is thought to enhance the relationship of the child with the parents, both in infancy and later in life. At twenty-four weeks, this relationship could begin prematurely, for it is at this point that a baby could survive outside of the  womb; though still small and underdeveloped, with appropriate intensive care, she could be considered  viable. The greatest complications may arise due to the premature lungs, since the lungs only fully develop near the conclusion of the  pregnancyand are filled with amniotic fluid until breathing begins.The eyes, which have been fully developed since the middle of the  pregnancy, cannot see yet but are adorned with eyelashes by the twenty-fifth week. Babies are usually born with lighter-colored eyes than they will have later; babies of Caucasian descent are often born with blue eyes, while babies of Asian or African descent first have darker brown eyes. These colors will often change or deepen during the first few months of life, as the pigments in the eyes are exposed to light, which is absent in the  womb. In the darkness of the  womb, babies in their final  trimester  spend most of their time sleeping soundly.When they are awake, however, fetuses are often active, practicing their reflexes in response to provocations from outside the  womb. These include the startle reflex, when the  fetus  flings her arms out and over her head, and the swallowing and sucking process, crucial to nutrition outside of the  womb. The latter may be manifested in thumb sucking, which is thought to be strongly correlated with handedn ess during a person’s life. The  placenta  not only conducts oxygen, nutrients, and flavors to the  fetus, but it may also conduct the mother’s mood. The ear or anxiety that a mother might experience cascade through, eventually causing the baby’s heart to beat faster as well. Serious and sustained stress or anxiety have been found to result in stress in the child and a higher risk for stress-related physical and mental health complications. Past twenty-six weeks the  fetus  concentrates almost solely on growth; despite this, serious issues might arise even before birth. In the Womb  shows Dr. Kypros Nicolaides of King’s College Hospital in London diagnosing and performing  in utero  surgery on a  fetus  whose intestines are obstructing lung growth.He performs this delicate surgery with the help of a fetuscope, which allows him to see inside thewomb  and is also used as a tool in the surgery itself. Nicolaides’ technique for tr eating this particular disorder has been met with a 50% increase in the survival rate of his prenatal patients. The last two months of  pregnancy  see the final steps toward a healthy birth. During this time, the  fetus  develops a layer of insulating fat and has even been found to develop consciousness and memory. The  fetus  may remember and respond to familiar sounds such as her mother’s voice or even her parents’ favorite music.If the  fetus  recognizes music, she might even move in rhythm. Fast music has been found to stimulate and excite the  fetus, which seems to be almost dancing in the  womb, while classical music will often have a calming effect. The development of all of these complex functions prior to birth has also led some experts to posit that, developmentally, birth is not as significant as was previously assumed. This is because the brain of a maturing  fetus  is almost identical to that of a newborn. This similarity is particu larly striking considering the sighting of rapid eye movement (REM) in 4-D scans, since these are indicative of dreaming.From thirty-five weeks on, the  fetus  could be fully functional and self-supporting (aside from its need for external nutrition and warmth). The film notes that though it is not yet certain what sets off delivery, the maturation of the lungs may play a key role. When mature, the lungs release a protein that affects the  hormone  production of the  placenta, reducing  progesterone  production and initiating the production of oxytocin, which in turn triggers uterine contractions and inhibition of memory.These are useful when the  cervix  undergoes extreme widening—approximately 10 cm—as it conveys the baby’s large head out into the world. In the Womb  has now gone full-circle, arriving again at the time of delivery. To ease the pain of delivery and risks of complication, the mother in the movie delivers standing up and leani ng forward with her legs spread apart slightly. During this time, the baby releases large quantities of adrenalin, which keeps the heart pumping fast and prepares the lungs to take their first breathes of air. Soon, the baby’s head crowns and is followed by the rest of the body.As soon as the baby has emerged, it starts crying as its lungs fill with oxygen and it is exposed to the light and cold of the outside world. The  placenta, now unnecessary, detaches from the  uterus  and exits the mother’s body through the birth canal. In the Womb  reviews the entire process of the  pregnancy  and highlights the grand achievement that is transformation from a single cell into an entirely new individual. The newly born baby depends on adults for warmth and nutrition, although all other functions rest solely in her tiny hands.

Build and Use a Tree Leaf and Plant Press

Build and Use a Tree Leaf and Plant Press Way back in the dark ages when I was taking tree identification in college, I pressed hundreds of leaves for further study. Even today, you cant beat using a real, preserved leaf to assist you in tree identification. A properly pressed leaf highlights its structure(s) and provides you with a three-dimensional leaf. Collecting the leaf aids you in the initial identification and gives you a self-made field guide for future help. Difficulty: Average Time Required: 2 to 4 hours (including purchasing materials) Heres How Cut a 24 X 24 plywood square in half to make the top and bottom sections of the 12 X 24 press. Place them on top of each other with edges even (c-clamps or bar clamps can be used to keep the wood in position).At each corner of the top and bottom pieces of plywood, measure in 1 1/2 from sides, 2 from top and mark with a pencil. Using drill bit the same size as your bolts, drill a hole through both pieces at each mark.Insert round-headed bolts up through each hole in every corner of both the top and bottom portions of the plywood press. Make sure the hole is small enough to accommodate the bolt but stops at the head. Add a washer and wingnut to each bolt. You now have a press with adjustable tension.Remove winged bolt nuts, washers and the  top portion of the plywood press leaving the bottom portion of the press and four bolts standing upright. It is from this open position that you load the press with any new leaves.Cut two cardboard pieces to fit between the press but not extend be yond the top, bottom or sides of the plywood press and to fit between the bolts. This cardboard is to go between the wood press top and bottom and the pressed material. Collect tabloid sized newspaper. To use: place leaves between double or triple sheets of newspaper, place newspaper between the pieces of cardboard. Close the press by repositioning the top plywood portion over bolts, attach washers, screw on wing nuts and tighten. Tips: Find a leaf on a tree you either know or would like to identify. Collect the leaf or several leaves that most represent an average looking leaf of the tree species. Use an old magazine as a temporary field press.Identify and label each specimen as soon as you collect it as identification is much easier when you can see the entire tree rather than just a few leaves. Remember to take your field guide along.You should not have to pay more than $10 for the material to build this leaf press. You can purchase presses for about $40. What You Need: 2 X 2 sheet of 1/2 plywoodFour 3 round-headed bolts with washers and wing nutsCircular saw, scissors and drillCardboard and newspaper

Compare and contrast literature regarding primary closure of surgical Essay

Compare and contrast literature regarding primary closure of surgical wounds and its effect in wound healing - Essay Example From February of 1996 to July of 1996, Singer et al (2002) examined 814 patients having 924 wounds. In this study, they suggested that wound infection was associated with the presence of extensive wounds and adjacent trauma in the skin. Suboptimal appearance of the wound was increased with its location in the extremity, the size of the wound, its apposition, associated trauma in the tissue, use of electrocautery, and the presence of infection. Singer et al (2002) suggested that minimizing electrocautery use and other surgical techniques traumatizing the skin as well as ensuring complete apposition of the wound with minimal tension during closure of the wound help achieve a cosmetically appealing scar. This study is limited due to its nature being a secondary prospective analysis study. Moreover, wound care was not standardized and only showed small number of poor outcome (12 infections being treated with systemic antibiotics, 9 of which belong to the adhesive group and 3 belongs to t he group that uses standard sutures). Another study done by Zeplin, et al (2007) on the comparison of various materials for treatment of lacerations of the skin by means of a pig experiment using OPTOCAT 3 – dimensional scanning technique with 10 Goettinger minipigs as experimental animals to examine wound healing process and development of scar in full incision of the skin. Suture materials used were skin adhesive, absorbing and nonabsorbing suture materials from the following companies: (1) Braun companies (Histaocryl, Monosyn, Safil, Premilene); and (2) Ethicon (Dermabond, Monocryl, Vicryl, Prolene). Zeplin et al (2007) reported that in all wounds that were treated, dehiscence occurred in about 2.5%. Histoacryl skin adhesive shared 15% of the wounds that were treated. From this research study, Zeplin et al (2007) concluded that with an increasing wound length,

Endotracheal intubation pros and cons of its use in the emergency Research Paper

Endotracheal intubation pros and cons of its use in the emergency medical services field - Research Paper Example ared towards the pros and cons of the application of endotracheal intubation during the different procedures of emergencies that are usually undertaken when issues of time and saving life is at stake. In the discussion that follows, a deeper understanding on the realities behind the process of applying endotracheal intubation shall be given way. It is through this that the characterization of the said process shall be well opened for criticism with regards the positive effects as well as the negative effects of the medical approach to the patients immediately treated through endotracheal intubation (Sengupta 8). A part of the context of this particular reading shall also present the necessary reasons behind the establishment of such process and how it has been approved for medical application; from this particular discussion, a path towards the revealing on how the entire medical approach is actually creation a major breakthrough as well as a major danger to some patients to whom the process is applied to. Basically, endotracheal intubation is the description as to how the use of a plastic tube is utilized as a means of protection for the trachea and a direct passage for air during a critical medical situations. With the aid of laryngoscope, the tube is passed towards a path that includes the nose, larynx, and the vocal cords. This process then aims to at least give a patient that chance to breathe especially in special cases that they are already unable to release and accept air for body circulation. A bulb is then lighted at the tip of the apparatus to secure the entire set up in place and avoid vomit and blood from getting through the set up. The application of the entire set up may seem to be easy to explain however, it is really hard to apply though. One applying such process needs to have a mastery of its actual practice. Particularly, this is required to assure that the patient undergoing such medical treatment does not undergo any complications along the

A Room with a View: Chapter by Chapter Analysis

A Room with a View: Chapter by Chapter Analysis Opening a Window A Room with a View by E.D. Forster explores the struggle between the expectations of a conventional lady of the British upper class and pursuing the heart. Miss Lucy Honeychurch must choose between class concerns and personal desires. Honeychurch is a respectable young lady from a well-known family. She travels with Miss Charlotte Bartlett to Italy at the turn of the century. In Italy they meet Mr. Emerson and George Emerson. George is young man who falls in love with Lucy. Mr. Emerson is an idealist and a dreamer. Only a couple of days after they get to Italy George kisses Lucy while standing in the middle of a waving field of grass. George does this with out her permission or discussion. Even though this surprises Lucy and backs away she still participates in the kiss that tells the readers that there is something in her heart that drives her toward George. Georges function in A Room with a View is clear: he is a source of passion in a society that is tightly sealed with convention, timidity, and dryness. When Lucy comes home to Britain she is proposed to by Cecil. She accepts the offer because she knows that it is the proper thing to do. Cecil is an intelligent, well-respected man but lacks the passion that George penetrates. When Cecil attempts to kiss Lucy it is very different than George. He first of all asks permission, then Cecil timidly moves in to kiss her, and lastly his glasses fall off. This example shows the difference between Cecil and George and how Cecil lacks the aggression an d desire that George has. Lucy has to make the decision between the mind and the heart. She is torn between Cecils world of books and conformity and Georges world of passion and nature. This decision is not easy for Lucy to make. Lucy came really close to marrying the wrong man due to her lack of thought. She has grown up and lived a life of proper existence. However, Lucy possesses passionate qualities they have just been repressed her entire life. Her only emotion outlet is the piano, in which she prefers dramatic pieces by Beethoven. She plays the piano in order to let out her frustrations brought on by her surrounding characters. Lucy is brought up to be proper and not outgoing or passionate. George will eventually show her how to be passionate and open to new ideas. George is a man that breaks the chains of conformity to free Lucys spirit and he does this efficiency. George kisses Lucy for the second time and he explains that love exists between them. He tells Lucy that she can not marry Cecil because he does not understand women and will never understand Lucy. George also explains that Cecil only thinks that he loves but in actuality only wants her for an ornament. George, on the other hand, wants her as his partner in the great adventure of life. Lucy has lied to herself and to everyone else around her until she is eventually cornered into tearfully admitting her love for George. A Room with a View is a love story about a young proper women who is engaged to a proper man she does not love, and the frantic efforts a another young man to her see what love is and that she loves him. Lucy struggles between what is expected of her and what she really wants. By the end of the novel, George will have offered Lucy a view out of the window of her life. George will have opened a window for her. British social comedy examines a young heroines struggle against straitlaced Victorian attitudes as she rejects the man her family has encouraged her to marry and chooses, instead, a socially unsuitable fellow she met on holiday in Italy. Classic exploration of passion, human nature and social convention. A Room with a View was published in 1908. It was one of Forsters earliest novels, and it has become one of his most famous and popular. E.M. Forster was twenty-nine at the time of publication; two earlier novels, Where Angels Fear to Tread and The Longest Journey, had been poorly received. A Room with a View was blessed with good reviews, but it would not be until 1910 and the publication of Howards End that Forster would have his first major success. The novel deals with a group of British characters in two major settings: Part One and the final chapter are set in Florence, Italy, and Part Two is set mostly in a quiet part of Surrey, England. Forsters characters, like Forster himself at the time of the novels writing, live in the time of the British Empires zenith. With possessions in every part of the globe, the British Empire was as yet untouched by the difficulties of the two world wars. The monarch of England was also the king of Canada and the emperor of India; English citizens enjoyed the fruits of a system of exploitation and oppression that touched the far corners of the world. The remnants of Victorian sensibilities were still very much alive. Prim and proper Brits worried about refinement, the virtue of young girls, and the control of the passions. But it was also a time of change. Women began to clamor more loudly than ever for equal rights. Socialists were challenging old ideas about class and religion, and artists and thinkers began to challenge Victorian attitudes about emotion and sexuality. A Room with a View was one of those challenges. The story of young Lucy Honeychurchs choice between propriety and love, the novel casts Socialists as heroes and prim spinsters as antagonists. Lucys dramatic choice at the end of the novel is not only a victory for passion, but for womans independence. It was common for British citizens, particularly young men and women, to take the grand tour of Italy. The idea was for educated Brits to expose themselves to the work of Renaissance and Roman artists and architects, but like tourists throughout the ages, many travelers only had a superficial experience of Italy. They stayed with other British travelers, looked down on the Italians, and went to museums and ancient churches with their books of art criticism in hand. Forster criticizes this kind of tourist, but with some gentleness and a good deal of humor. A Room with a View is wonderful social commentary, but it is no acrid satire. The novel prefers to laugh lovingly at its subjects, and in the end the good in people matters much more to Forster than their shortcomings. The novel deals with Lucys growth toward self-awareness; by the end, she has learned the importance of expressing passion honestly. At the time, Forster was at the beginning of his first important relationship. A Room with a View is dedicated to H.O.M., Hugh Meredith, Forsters first love and the model for George Emerson. Throughout the novel, Forster speaks with great insight on the subject of repressed passion and the war between desire and societys conventions. His experiences as a gay man at the beginnings of his first relationship undoubtedly had a great influence on the writing of the novel. His lack of sexual experience also explains some of the novels shortcomings; although he writes beautifully about the beginning stages of the courtship between Lucy and George, in the final chapter he seems less certain, less insightful. Still, the book is an accomplished and beautiful love story, full of cutting but ultimately generous insights. And there are unforgettable moments: the firs t kiss between George is Lucy, passionate and unexpected on a hillside covered with violets, is one of the finest kisses in modern literature. Propriety and Passion: The conflict between social convention and passion is a central theme of the novel. Lucys match with George, by social standards, is completely unacceptable. But it is the only match that could make her happy. Her match with Cecil is far more conventional, but marriage to Cecil would destroy Lucys spirit. The Emersons are truly unconventional people. They care almost nothing for propriety. Mr. Emerson, a Socialist, speaks with great feeling about the importance of passion and the beauty of the human body. The British characters of the novel have very strong ideas about the need to repress passion and control young girls. To achieve happiness, Lucy will have to fight these standards, many of which she has internalized, and learn to appreciate her own desires. The beauty of human beings: A Room with a View is social commentary, but Forsters depictions of people are ultimately generous. He gently mocks the Honeychurches for their bourgeois habits, but he does not shy from depicting their strengths. They are loving and sincere, generous with guests and with each other. Cecils greatest fault is that he is entirely too critical of people. He cannot appreciate the good in the simple country gentry with whom Lucy has grown up. Even Charlotte, the prim spinster who is a major obstacle to the love between Lucy George, is allowed to have a moment of grace. In the end, Forster appreciates his characters goodness much more than he mocks their faults. Travel and the idea of Italy: Travel is a powerful force in the novel, and at its best it can be a life-altering experience. The heart of travel is to allow a place to get under ones skin; staying at British pensions and scorning Italian peasants do not the constitute the best experience one can get out of Italy. Italy gives Lucy insights into her life back at Windy Corner. It changes her perspective of herself. Although her experiences there confuse her, in working through the confusion she becomes a self-assured and independent young woman. The beautiful and the delicate: Lucy asks in the first chapter if beauty and delicacy are really synonyms. One of Lucys important lessons is that beauty need not be refined; much is beautiful in the gesture of kindness that oversteps propriety, or the act of passion that ignores convention. Lucy has to learn to see beauty in things that her society scorns or condemns. Womans position and independence: The Emersons are fervent believers in the equality of men and women. Lucy is not a rebel at heart, but she is often frustrated by the limitation put on her sex. Her marriage to Cecil could never be one between equals. Cecil is not so much in love with Lucy as he is in love with some idea of what a woman is supposed to be. He constantly compares her to a work of art, which, although it may be flattering, also objectifies her and ignores that she is a living person. What Lucy needs, although she does not know it, is a relationship between equals. She has no desire to be protected or instructed. Connection between nature and man: One of Mr. Emersons convictions is that man and nature are inextricable from each other, and only the mistakes of civilization separate man from his natural state. Closely connected to the theme of passion and the body, this theme runs throughout the novel. Forster emphasizes it by having the weather often mirror the thoughts of his characters. He also connects George and Lucy to the land at key points. Passion and the body: If nature and man are inextricable from each other, it follows that there should be no shame for the body or passion. Societys conventions try to hide both. The body must be hidden, a thing of which one should feel ashamed; passions must be controlled and regulated by rules tied to class and gender. Lucy has to overcome these conventions if she is to allow herself to love George. The Medieval/the Renaissance/the Classical: Forster uses time periods to represent characters and their attitudes. Uptight Cecil is always associated with the medieval; George is associated with the myths of the classical world. Italy is the land of both the classical Roman world and the Renaissance, and Forster uses these eras as symbols of beauty and passion. Music: Lucys relationship to her music is an important insight into her character. Her playing is an indication that she has untapped reserves of passion; Mr. Beebe remarks that one day Lucy will live as well as she plays. Lucys music also articulates her feelings better than her words can, and after playing she is more certain of what she wants. The Muddle: Forster constantly uses the word muddle to describe Lucys state of mind. The muddle arises when everything that one has been taught suddenly is thrown into doubt. It is one of the marks of growing up. Lucys muddle is frightening and confusing, but in working through it she will become a stronger and wiser person. Class snobbery: Class snobbery is a constant feature of A Room with a View. The Emersons, because they are not refined, are the most frequent victims of this snobbery. Country gentry look down on those who work hard for a living; Cecil looks down on the suburban ways of country gentry. Lucy has to overcome the class bigotry that she has been taught. Short Summary Lucy Honeychurch, a young English woman, is vacationing with her cousin, Charlotte Bartlett, at an Italian pension for British guests. They are vacationing in Italy together, and currently they are in Florence. While bemoaning the poor views outside their windows, Lucy and Charlotte are interrupted by another guest, an old man by the name of Emerson. Mr. Emerson offers them a room swap; he and his son George are both in rooms that offer beautiful views of Florence. Charlotte refuses; for a woman to accept such an offer from a man would make her indebted to him. It would be a serious breach of propriety. But later that evening, after the intercession of another guest, a clergyman named Mr. Beebe, Charlotte accepts the offer. Their stay in Florence continues, and Lucy continues to run into the eccentric Emersons. They are socially unacceptable by the snobbish standards of the other guests, but Lucy likes them. One day, while Lucy is walking alone in Florence, she witnesses a murder. George happens to be there, too, and he catches her when she faints. On the way home, they have a strange, intimate conversation as they walk along the river. But George stirs up feelings in Lucy that she is not ready to face, and she resolves not to see him again. However, later that week, they both end up on a carriage ride into the hills near Florence. The various British travelers disperse and wander around the hills, and Lucy finds herself alone. She stumbles onto an earth terrace covered with violets, and finds herself face-to-face with George. He kisses her, but the kiss is interrupted by Charlotte. The next day, under Charlottes direction, Lucy and Charlotte leave for Rome. Part 2 begins after the passage of several months. We are back at Windy Corner, the Honeychurch home in Surrey, England. In Rome, Lucy spent a good deal of time with a man named Cecil Vyse. The Vyses and the Honeychurches are on friendly terms, but Cecil and Lucy only knew each other superficially before Italy. In Italy, Cecil proposed to Lucy twice. She rejected him both times. As Part 2 begins, Cecil is proposing yet again. This time, she accepts. Now that they are engaged, Cecil and Lucy must spend time with Lucys various neighbors. Cecil, an aristocratic Londoner, despises the ways of the country gentry. He also dislikes Lucys brother, Freddy, and is not overly fond of Lucys mother. But Lucy puts up with it. At Charlottes request, she has never told anyone about her kiss with George. But before too long, the Emersons move into Cissie villa, a home not far from Windy Corner. Lucy is forced to face George Emerson again, but she manages to deal with him at a distance. She continues her engagement to Cecil, even though signs indicate that she is anxious about the marriage on a deep psychological level. To the reader, it is obvious that they are completely unsuitable for each other, but Lucy persists in the engagement. Soon, things come to a head: Charlottes boiler is broken, and she comes to stay as a guest at Windy Corner. And during her stay, Freddy, who has befriended George, invites George to come play tennis. It is all to take place on Sunday, and Lucy is terrified of what might happen. On Sunday, Cecil refuses to play tennis and pesters everyone by reading aloud from a bad British novel. Lucy soon realizes that the novel is written by Miss Lavish, a woman who stayed at their pension in Florence. Cecil reads a particularly humorous passage aloud, but Lucy sees nothing humorous about it: it is a fictional recreation of her kiss with George. The names are different, but the situation is unmistakable. She realizes that Charlotte told Miss Lavish what happened. George is also present for the reading of the passage. On the way back to the house, George catches Lucy alone in the garden and kisses her again. Lucy confronts Charlotte angrily about her indiscretion. She resolves to put George in his place. She has Charlotte sit in the room as support and witness, and she orders George never to return to Windy Corner. George argues with her passionately. He tells her that Cecil is stifling and unsuitable for her; Cecil will never love her enough to want her to be independent. George loves her for who she is. Lucy is shaken by his words, but she stands firm. George leaves, heartbroken. However, later that night, Cecil refuses again to play tennis with Freddy. Something in his refusal makes Lucy see him truthfully for the first time. She breaks off the engagement that very night. But Lucy still cannot admit to anyone, including herself, her feelings for George. Rather than stay at Windy Corner and face George, she resolves to leave for Greece. But one day not long before she is supposed to leave, she goes to church with her mother and Charlotte and meets Mr. Emerson in the ministers study. Mr. Emerson does not know that Lucy has broken off the engagement, but Lucy realizes before long that she cannot lie to the old man. She talks with him, and Mr. Emerson realizes that she has deep feelings for George. He presses the issue, forcing her to confront her own feelings. Finally, she admits that she has been fighting her love for George all along. The novel closes in Florence, where George and Lucy are spending their honeymoon. Not having her mothers consent, Lucy has eloped with George. Things are difficult with her family, but there is hope that it will get better. Whatever happens, George and Lucy have each other, and their life together promises to be full of happiness and love. We open in Florence at the Pension Bertolini, a pension for British travelers. Young Lucy Honeychurch and her cousin, Charlotte Bartlett, are bemoaning the poor rooms that they have been given. They were promised rooms with views. The two women sit at dinner in their pension, along with the other guests. Lucy is disappointed because the pension hostess has turned out to be British, and the dà ©cor of the pension seems lifted right out of a room in London. While Miss Bartlett and Lucy talk, an old man interrupts them to tell them that his room has a nice view. The man is Mr. Emerson; he introduces his son, George Emerson. Mr. Emerson offers Miss Bartlett and Lucy a room swap. The men will take the rooms over the courtyard, and Lucy and Charlotte will take the more pleasant rooms that have views. Miss Bartlett is horrified by the offer, and refuses to accept; she begins to ignore the Emersons and resolves to switch pensions the next day. Just then, Mr. Beebe, a clergyman that Lucy and Charlotte know from England, enters. Lucy is delighted to meet someone she knows, and she shows it; now that Mr. Beebe is here, they must stay at the Pension Bertolini. Lucy has heard in letters from her mother that Mr. Beebe has just accepted a position at the parish of Summer Street, the parish of which Lucy is a member. Mr. Beebe and Lucy have a pleasant talk over dinner, in which he gives Lucy advice about the sites of Florence. This vacation is Lucys first time in Florence. Soon, almost everyone at the table is giving Lucy and Miss. Bartlett advice. The torrent of advice signifies the acceptance of Lucy and Miss Bartlett into the good graces of the pension guests; Lucy notes that the Emersons are outside of this fold. After the meal, some of the guests move to the drawing room. Miss Bartlett discusses the Emersons with Mr. Beebe; Beebe does not have a very high opinion of Mr. Emerson, but he thinks him harmless, and he believes no harm would have come from Miss Bartlett accepting Mr. Emersons offer. Mr. Emerson is a Socialist, a term that is used by Mr. Beebe and Miss Bartlett with clear disapproval. Miss Bartlett continues to ask Mr. Beebe about what she should have done about the offer, and if she should apologize, until Mr. Beebe becomes annoyed and leaves. An old lady approaches the two women and talks with Miss Bartlett about Mr. Emersons offer. Lucy asks if perhaps there was something beautiful about the offer, even if it was not delicate. Miss Bartlett is puzzled by the question; to her, beauty and delicacy are the same thing. Mr. Beebe returns: he has arranged with Mr. Emerson to have the women take the room. Miss Bartlett is not quite sure what to do, but she accepts. She takes the larger room, which was occupied by George, because she does not want Lucy to be indebted to a young man. She bids Lucy goodnight and inspect her new quarters, and she finds a piece of paper pinned to the washstand that has an enormous note of interrogation scrawled on it. Though she feels threatened by it, she saves it for George between two pieces of blotting paper. Analysis Lucy is young and naà ¯ve; she is bright but not brilliant, although she has enough imagination and compassion to begin to look beyond the social conventions of her class and time. Forsters novel is full of insightful social commentary on the stuffiness of British social conventions. Modern readers are often surprised by Miss Bartletts deep anxieties about accepting a room trade with the generous but socially outcast Emersons. Miss Bartlett is acting under social pressures from several different directions. For one thing, Lucys mother has paid for Miss Bartletts travel expenses, and Miss Bartlett therefore feels responsible for guarding Miss Honeychurch from any possible harm. For Miss Bartlett, life is lived in accordance with what are arguably very precious and ridiculous concerns. Nothing is worse than a scene, and she must also guard Lucy from feeling obligation to a young man. Sex is a source of terrible anxiety for the British of this period, and a young womans reputation must be guarded at all costs. Lucy brings up an important theme of the novel when she asks about the delicate and the beautiful. Lucy wonders if delicacy and beauty might be different things, while Charlotte assumes that they are synonymous. As her social world defines beauty and delicacy, the two qualities are one and the same; beauty is found in politeness, in circuitous and subtle conversation, in avoidance of direct confrontation or over-earnest expressions of emotion. There is not beauty, therefore, in Mr. Emersons generous offer of a room trade. But Lucy is more imaginative than her cousin, and she is able to see that there is beauty in Mr. Emersons socially clueless but generous offer. He is completely unaware of the anxiety he is causing Miss Bartlett; either that or his is completely unconcerned about it. The important thing to him is the generosity of his offer. He does not intend to put Lucy or Charlotte under obligation. He sincerely thinks that a room with a view should go to the one who most enjoys the view. Lucy will have to learn to come to her own understanding of beauty. We see more of Lucys sensitivity and naturally sympathetic and sensitive disposition when she realizes that she and Charlotte have been accepted by the other guests of the pension. She sees that Mr. Emerson and George have not been accepted, and this knowledge makes her feel sorry for them. But Lucy is not strong enough yet to affect the world around her. Note that Charlotte handles all the details of the room trade, and Lucy is not yet confident enough to articulate her doubts about the stuffiness and petty concerns of her social world. Italy and travel make another important theme. The heart of this theme is a new places ability to get under the skin of the traveler, transforming her. Though she is not yet fully aware of it, Lucy longs for this kind of experience. She is deeply disappointed by the Pension Bertolini, which to her seems like another piece of England. She wants to go out into Italy and feel it fully, as richly as she can, away from the safety of British dà ©cor and sensibilities. The pension is juxtaposed to the world outside; the inside of the pension is decorated like a room in London. British social conventions are preserved and protected from the foreign country that surrounds the pension on all sides. The pension protects the guests from Italy, and so it prevents the transforming experience that is the best result of travel. Italy is also a direct challenge to the idea of beauty and delicacy being identical. Italys beauty is refined and sophisticated, but there is nothing delicate about its colo ssal Roman ruins, dramatic countryside, or rustic peasants. Lucys longing for a room with a view is a metaphor for her longing to connect with Italy and the new experiences the country offers. Instead of a view of the courtyard, she wants a view of the country. The window opening out into Florence symbolizes Lucys openness to a new world. Chapter Two In Santa Croce with No Baedeker: Summary: Lucy looks out her window onto the beautiful scene of a Florence morning. Miss Bartlett interrupts her reverie and encourages Lucy to begin her day; in the dining room, they argue politely about whether or not Miss Bartlett should accompany Lucy on a bit of sightseeing. Lucy is eager to go but does not wish to tire her cousin, and Miss Bartlett, though tired, does not want Lucy to go alone. A clever lady, whose name is Miss Lavish, intercedes. After some discussion, it is agreed that Miss Lavish and Lucy will go out together to the church of Santa Croce. The two women go out, and have a lively (but not too involved) conversation about politics and people they know in England. Suddenly, they are lost. Lucy tries to consult her Baedeker travel guide, but Miss Lavish will have none of it. She takes the guide book away. In their wanderings, they cross the Square of the Annunziata; the buildings and sculptures are the most beautiful things Lucy has ever seen, but Miss Lavish drags her forward. The women eventually reach Santa Croce, and Miss Lavish spots Mr. Emerson and George. She does not want to run into them, and seems disgusted by the two men. Lucy defends them. As they reach the steps of the church, Miss Lavish sees someone she knows and rushes off. Lucy waits for a while, but then she sees Miss Lavish wander down the street with her friend and Lucy realizes she has been abandoned. Upset, she goes into Santa Croce alone. The church is cold, and without her Baedeker travel guide Lucy feels unable to correctly view the many famous works of art housed there. She sees a child hurt his foot on a tomb sculpture and rushes to help him. She then finds herself side-by-side with Mr. Emerson, who is also helping the child. The childs mother appears and sets the boy on his way. Lucy feels determined to be good to the Emersons despite the disapproval of the other pension guests. But when Mr. Emerson and George invite her to join them in their little tour of the church, she knows that she should be offended by such an invitation. She tries to seem offended, but Mr. Emerson sees immediately that she is trying to behave as she has seen others behave, and tells her so. Strangely, Lucy is not angry about his forwardness but is instead somewhat impressed. She asks to be taken to look at the Giotto frescoes. The trio comes across a tour group, including some tourists from the pension, led by a clergyman named Mr. Eager. Mr. Eager spews commentary on the frescoes, which Mr. Emerson heartily disagrees with; he is skeptical of the praise and romanticizing of the past. The clergyman icily leads the group away. Mr. Emerson, worried that he has offended them, rushes off to apologize. George confides in Lucy that his father always has that effect on people. His earnestness and bluntness are repellent to others. Mr. Emerson returns, having been snubbed. Mr. Emerson and Lucy go off to see other works. Mr. Emerson, sincere and earnest, shares his concerns for his son. George is unhappy. Lucy is not sure how to react to this direct and honest talk; Mr. Emerson asks her to befriend his son. She is close to his age and Mr. Emerson sense much that is good in the girl. He hopes that these two young people can learn from each other. George is deeply saddened by life itself and the transience of human ex istence; this cerebral sorrow all seems very strange to Lucy. George suddenly approaches them, to tell Lucy that Miss Bartlett is here. Lucy realizes that one of the old women in the tour group must have told Charlotte that Lucy was with the Emersons. When she seems distressed, Mr. Emerson expresses sympathy for her. Lucy becomes cold, and she informs him that she has no need for his pity. She goes to join her cousin. Analysis: Although Miss Lavish prides herself on being original and unconventional, Forster subtly shows that her radicalism is polite, precious, and limited. She disapproves of the Emersons just as much as everyone else does, and though she pretends to be worldly and well traveled (she takes away Lucys Baedeker guide), she gets the two women lost. Nor does she understand the value of getting lost: she is so fixated on getting the women to Santa Croce that she rushes past the beautiful Square of the Annunziata without noticing a thing. Her attitude toward the Italians is patronizing in the extreme: she defines democracy as being kind to ones inferiors. Although Forster is writing incisive social commentary on the stuffiness of British society, he uses Miss Lavish as an example of a certain kind of false rebelliousness. She is ultimately as snobby and precious as everyone else, and her brand of radicalism tends to reinforce stuffy conventions rather than challenge them. Lucy is not a brilliant girl, and she lacks the originality and confidence to make her own judgments about art. In Santa Croce, she longs for her Baedeker guide so that she can know good art from bad. She lacks the confidence to just look at the paintings; she wants to know which frescoes have been pronounced by the critics to be truly beautiful. Lucy has some generosity of spirit and often feels uncomfortable with stifling social conventions, but she is not a genius or revolutionary. She is still young and very naà ¯ve; by the novels end she will be a much wiser and independent person. Part of Forsters brilliance is his restraint. He resists the temptation to make Lucy into a brilliant firebrand, and instead makes her to be, in many ways, a very typical girl for her class and education. She is often caught between convention and an inner sense of what is beautiful rather than delicate. She is unquestionably drawn to George Emerson. In Santa Croce, she notices that his face is rugged and handsome, and she also notices the strength and physical attractiveness of his body. But his melancholy attitude puzzles her, and his angst seems humorous to her in some ways. Mr. Emerson compares him to the child that stumbled and hurt his toe on a tomb statue of Santa Croce. The tomb becomes a symbol of mortality, and George has stubbed his too; George is upset by mortality and the transience of human existence. Life itself hurts and puzzles him. Mr. Emersons social awkwardness and earnestness combine to make him a very unpopular man. Even Lucy rebuffs him at the end of this chapter, resenting his pity for her. But we can see from his attempted apology to Mr. Eager that he does not mean to offend; in fact, he earnestly desires that everyone should always have a nice time. And his criticism of Mr. Eagers romanticizing of Giottos art and time has its own valid perspective, although Mr. Emerson has difficulty expressing his ideas tactfully. Cha