Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Questions - Essay Example He additionally expressed that the significance and charge of fantasy relies upon the examination relating to a specific way of thinking. As far as philosophical examinations, Plato uncovered that legends are viewed as brimming with blunders. This is chosen dependent on the sort of fantasy and the way of thinking in which it is being used. Phaedo, Plato’s imaginative work portrays about death and the fantasies that rotate around the idea of death. It likewise characterizes the alternate extremes and their contentions which thusly underscore on the way that fantasies are viewed as an idea which depends on contentions and contrary energies. Acknowledgment of a way of thinking or a hypothesis and the information on that hypothesis relies upon the truth. The hypotheses must go along well with its reality even before it is seen to turn into a reality. The unique conditions and cutoff points characterize the manner by which a fantasy is comprehended and considered. Mysticism was named as Aristotle’s first way of thinking and it portrayed the all inclusive standards and the presence of individuals. This hypothesis accentuated on the astuteness and its inclination and this was clarified in a logical way. Aristotle planned for rediscovering the logical realities which is viewed as a defining moment in the field of science. Indeed, even the presence of universe and humankind where clarified in an alternate point of view. His conclusion about was likewise unique and he made it a point to clarify them in every single work of his. (Cohen, 2005). Legend wore a totally unique job in Aristotle’s transcendentalism. Despite the fact that Aristotle was a devotee of Plato, his feeling and judgment on fantasy was totally extraordinary when contrasted with that of Plato’s. Aristotle’s thought of fantasy was viewed as cruel in a large portion of his ways of thinking. However, in specific circumstances, he acknowledges the idea of fantasy and characterizes it in a cosmological and

Estimating Realistic Startup Costs

Estimating Realistic Startup Costs Have you ever had an interesting idea and thought that it might be turned into a successful business?Well, you probably have, as has almost everybody.Where are those businesses and why there are not more successful businessmen and businesswomen in the world?The thing is, very few of those initial ideas go from a fleeting thought into an actual realization, and even less become successful in the long run (statistics say that, due to various reasons, around 50 % of startup businesses fail during the first year of existing).The reason behind why people are not more prone to taking action and bringing life to their ideas is the fact that embarking in business could seem like a long shot- a risky, possibly irresponsible undertaking that can leave you with nothing, or at least, with less than you have initially had.So, finances are the main reason why so many good ideas have never seen the light of the day, and it is really easy to see why.Even if you talk to the successful businessmen and ask them about their beginnings and how they tackled finances they will remember the time as stressful, full of difficult decisions, anxiety, and anticipation.The benefits and reaping the success came later. Much later.So, if you have decided that your idea is worth turning into a business, and if you are ready to take on the responsibility, angst, and excitement of trying to create a name for you in the business world read on.WHERE TO STARTOkay, so you have an idea, but is that enough?Unfortunately, it is not.For the idea to be turned into a business it has to be either innovative so there is no competition on the market, or it has to be in high demand or offer a better service than other businesses in the same area.To know that, you need to do market research of the field that you are interested in.This will give you a sense of what is out there and you can feel less anxious or scared to delve into the investment.If you are not going in blind you know where you are putting your m oney, and if you can take that risk.The next thing you should do is make a business plan.Answer the questions like what you consider needs to be achieved in order to consider yourself successful, where you want to be in five years’ time, how you want to get there, and so on.Set up milestones like In one year my store should earn this much. or In five years the company should be international.When you set up those goals, you come to the most important part and that is: How do you get where you want to be?This is where finances come into the picture- your actual plan of allocating resources and earning money.Pay attention that your plan is not something that you follow blindly.The plan should just be an outline, something to help you shape your idea into action.On the way, you will probably have to diverge from the plan, as you will notice that you had a wrong perception of how thing work or you might realize that you need more time to reach that milestone, or it is harder than you thought.This is where you should persevere.Blindly sticking to the plan may be one of the causes that high percentage of startup failures. WHAT ARE YOUR NEEDS?So, we are finally ready to start talking about money.How much money will you need to get your business up and running?It is important to know that this depends on the type of business itself: the startup costs for, lets say, an online shop will not be nearly as big as those for a restaurant.Now, lets imagine that you are a first-time businessman and you have no idea how much money you need to open a restaurant.How much are the furnaces and the stoves, the furniture? What about chefs paycheck?The first thing you should do to get closer to calculating your costs is to, once again, do the market research. This time focus on finding the public financial statements of similar businesses, talk with people in the industry, and get advice.Which brings us to the next thing and that is having a person in your team who knows what they a re doing. Do you know the actual realistic costs of the things you need? If not, seek advice from a mentor.It can be your cofounder, an accountant, a friend or a family member just as long as that person has experience in owning a business and preferably a successful one and is willing to mentor you.If you do this alone, chances are you are going to miss something in the learning process, and that can make a difference in terms of success or failure.Take out as much guessing as possible from the process (this is impossible for innovative ideas in which case you only have to guess as there are no previous data to draw from).A crucial thing is to think six months to a year ahead when you are calculating how much money you will need.A year is optimally a timeframe where you can see if your business is on a growth path, so make sure you do not experience a financial setback during that time.To avoid that you will have to learn how to preserve cash. How do you do that?Start with the esse ntials.This means that you get everything that you need rather than what you want.To get your restaurant up and running you would need a stove and a fridge, but will you need a pasta roller right away if you are not planning on making your own pasta for a couple more years? No.And just like that, you saved yourself a couple of hundred dollars.If you eliminate other non-essential items using the same thinking pattern, you will lower your cost by a sum that makes a difference.Negotiate terms from vendors or get a lease on the items you need rather than buying them. It will lower your initial cost requirements.Another smart thing to do is getting several bids (at least 2 or 3) for the same item you need. Pick the most affordable option but pay attention not to disregard the quality.Your costs are divided into two groups based on how many times you would need to pay for them. The first group is fixed costs, and the second group is the recurrent costs.The fixed costs include:Furniture an d supplies (computers, microwave, phones, AC, and more) you only get this once, or at least, you are not expected to redecorate or purchase computers very oftenBranding this is something you do before you set up a place, and if you do it right; you do it just this once.Logo Create a logo yourself or pay a designer to do that for you, chances are, once your mind is fixed on the idea, it will not change. This expense entails setting up a banner or a screen with the logo on a suitable place.Advertising material posters, flyers, business cards, pens and more. If you order enough in the beginning, you will not have to refill the stock later on.Permits and licenses for a lot of industries you need to get a legal license to do the desired work. Cross it off your list, and do not worry about it anymore.Legal fees there is a certain amount of money that you need to pay to be able to run a business. The amount differs from state to state so visit your local courthouse and get the requir ed information.There are other items that can be taken into account depending on the type of business, so this list is not a definite one.The recurrent costs are those that you will need to cover annually, monthly or weekly and they are:Rent if you need to take up a specific space. This is redundant for home-based or online businesses.Electricity, phone bills, internet connectionSupplies such as paper, pens, staplers, pins, and so on.Advertising pay for ads on local radio or TV stations, newspaper and more (Less than 10% of your budget).Inventory or raw material If, for example, you are selling hats, you need to invest in and refill the stock of hats available in order not to run out. If that happens it creates a bad image of the company. Get raw materials if you are for example specializing in selling hand-made lamps- get enough of everything that you need to make the desired number (up to 25% of your budget).Payroll This entails that you would need to set aside the money that needs to be allocated to issuing paychecks to all the employees. Set aside enough money to get your own paycheck. (Allocate somewhere from 25% to 50% of your budget.)FeesInsuranceLease paymentsTo get a better picture of what you need, make a list and put down anything that comes to mind, even if it is the smallest thing that you consider irrelevant.Just put everything down.Once you have made your list add up the costs, then try to go back and lower them by 25% if you can (and even more).When starting up a new business, novice entrepreneurs are well aware of those fixed costs and it rarely happens that there is an oversight in that area.They come about early in the process so they cannot be missed. At least not easily.The oversight often happens with the estimate of how much money is needed for the recurring costs. The money needed for the day-to-day functioning of a company is called operating or working capital.Why do you need it? Lets put it simply and with the help of an example. If you are a farmer and want to grow tomatoes enough to sell them and never purchase them yourself again, you will need pesticides, watering systems, someone to pick them and so on.This is what you need to keep your tomato farm running. If you want to eat tomatoes while you are waiting for the ones you planted to ripen, you will need to purchase the tomatoes form another farm or vendor.In order to get the tomatoes, you will need the money to purchase it.This is your operating capital, and it covers negative cash flow until you reach breakeven.There are three types, or rather three stages of breakeven:Breakeven without a consistent salary or withdrawal. This means that the business pays for itself but not yet for you.Breakeven with minimal consistent salary or withdrawal. The business starts earning you a certain amount of money. It is not the ideal yet, but the growth shows, and eventually,Breakeven with a good salary and withdrawal. You can consider your business a successful one.L ets take sales for example. To know when you have achieved the third stage of breakeven, you need to know which revenue you will have to hit and when you expect to hit it.To calculate that, you should forecast sales revenues, cost of goods (COG), gross profit (GP), monthly overhead expenses (fixed expenses), and net profit. You should make that forecast for 6-12 months.FUNDINGSo, now that you have reached the preferable cost for everything you need to start your business, what is next to consider?It is the projects funding.This entails all the finances put together in order to start your business. Funding TypesLaymen may think that all initial funding has to come from you if you are creating a business.How many people would you think would be in a position to do that?Almost nobody, actually.There are various sources that can help you get the amount needed.The first one is definitely you. Do you have some savings waiting to be used for something meaningful? Invest them in a new busin ess.How much money you have to start with is of no importance if you are being smart about the investment.Another investor can be your co-founder or your partner. Pull your funds together to see if there is enough to cover at least the first 6 months from the initial date.If you find that both of you (or more) still do not have enough money, the time has come to bring in a third person into the mix.Now, what you can do is ask for outside capital in three different places:Go to the bank and apply for a loan. Many banks offer special deals for startup companies. So just go to your bank and get the information on what requirements you need to meet in order to qualify for a loan.Another thing that you can do is get funding from so-called angel investors or venture capitalists (VCs). An angel investor is a person who is ready to invest some of their own money to help you out.They usually have experience in creating startup companies; maybe they have done it successfully in the past and n ow want to help out other striving entrepreneurs.Of course, they do not to that out of the kindness of their hearts. When they invest in your startup they get shares of your company that they can later sell and earn money themselves.The third outside investor can be a venture capitalist. A VC is a person who works for a venture capital companies.They take other peoples money and invest them in startup companies. In exchange for the investment, they also get their fair share of shares of the company.The shares are divided among the investors according to the amount of money they have invested. But, how do you get the investors to help you out?How do you persuade them that your company is not a hopeless case just waiting to fail?With companies that already exist but need more funding for branching out, there are existing financial statements, evidence of the companys success and proper functioning, so the investor can deduce that their money will not be put at too much risk.However, t he startup with startup businesses it is more difficult to set up a value of the company. As the business is brand new, there are no previous accounts to rely on.Then startup valuation comes into the picture. There are several methods that can be used and some of them are Venture Capital Method, Discounted Valuation Method and more.How do you know that you need more funding?When you have added up all the items that you would need for the business to run (both one-time and recurrent costs), and when you have added up all the funding sources (personal, angel investors, VCs, and bank loans), it is time for a review.If your cost is lower than your funding, you are on the right path, and even have some funds to spare. If your cost is higher than your funding you should consider either getting more funds or reducing your cost.ADDITIONAL TIPSGet an accountant, and get one right away. You might think that your expertise is enough to add up some numbers and see if you have enough funding, an d you might be right. But what if you miss something?Hiring an accountant at the very start could seem like one of those optional costs to take into account.And yes, allocating a certain amount of money to use as the accountants paycheck could seem like a lot when you are on the very beginning and you are not even paying yourself yet. (There is another, cheaper option: hire a part-time accountant or a volunteer to that for you.)An accountant is extremely valuable. He keeps track of all your expenses, makes sure that you have collected all your receipts, and keeps things organized.He is likely to save you a lot of money in the long run. Experience has shown that hiring an accountant can be a lot less expensive than if you do it later and try to cover the mess and play catch-upPay attention who you are partnering with.Make sure that the person who creates a business with you is trustworthy.Usually, it is someone you know well- a good friend or a family member, so you think you are fam iliar with their work ethics as well.In that case, just make sure that they share the same values and passion for the idea.You do not want to wake up two years into your business only to realize that your cofounder does not want to do it anymore.And, this one is maybe obvious, but do not jump into partnerships with people you do not know just because their story sounds inspiring.Allocate rainy day money. Since you cannot predict the amount of money to a dime, give yourself space to make mistakes.The rainy day fund will cover any unexpected expenses or setbacks that you might encounter.This can be anything from paying a fee to a computer technician if a computer crashes, or covering some bigger issues. FINAL THOUGHTGetting your new business up and running can be stressful for many people. However, if you tackle the matter in the right way-responsibly and thoroughly, there is no need to be afraid of a little math.Do your research, ask your mentors for advice, track your growth progres s and you should be on the right path to owning a successful and thriving business.However, following a plan and wanting to earn a lot and be rich will only get you so far. To truly be sure of your future success, combine all those before-mentioned factors with pure passion and love for what you are doing.Only by knowing the true purpose of why you are doing what you are doing will you succeed in establishing yourself among other successful businessmen?

Essay on The Aging Population of the Last Century - 967 Words

In the beginning of last century, the world population was 1.65 billion while the current population reached 7 billion in 2012 (United Nations, Web). Among this 7 billion people, 810 million are older person. According to the United Nations, person of the age 60 is considered as older person, but many developed countries categorize person of the age 65 as older person. In The Study of Population published in 1959 by Philip Hauser and Otis Dudley Duncan, â€Å"aging population† was not appeared in it. At that time, the world did not pay much attention to the aging issue as the world population was still young. But it is a big issue to the world as the number of older person exceed the number of younger person now. The aging population has†¦show more content†¦The immigrants, besides filling up the emply spot causes by shortage of labor in the market, they bring the new life in Canadian trading sector. The birth rate keeps declining after the baby boom period reach the end of early 1960s and the prolonged life expectancy have caused the shortage of labor force in our market today. Many people who were borned during the baby boom period has reached the retiring age, this could create a gap in the labor market as there are not enough supply of labor force locally. This could slow dow the economy activity. Life expectancy in certain selected countries has an average rise of 9 years from 1965 to 2005, however, many western courtries set the retirement age to 65. However, when the birth rate between those years keep falling and this causes the steady supply of manpower to the market. Some suggest to raise the retirement age and â€Å"various countries such as France, Ireland, Greece, and the United Kingdom have recently raised the normal legal retirement age† (Bloom, Boersch-Supan, McGee, Seike). In UK, between 2024 and 2046, the retirement age for men and women will rise g radually from 65 to 68. In this way, the retirement age has aShow MoreRelatedThe Aging American Population Essay648 Words   |  3 PagesThe Aging American Population The American population has changed dramatically over the last century. Our society has become effected by this in all areas and walks of life. It is unknown what the future holds for America, but the statistical trends in an aging population may shed some light. The Read MoreDemographics of the Aging Population1103 Words   |  5 Pageshead: DEMOGRAPHICS OF THE AGING POPULATION Demographics of the Aging Population University of Phoenix Health Care Consumer - Trends and Marketing HCS-490 Ann Fairchild July 31, 2011 Demographics of the Aging Population The aging population is one the most rapidly increasing issue across the nation today. According to demographic data, it has been gradually developing over the last two hundred years. It has become a factor in many countries. The aging population is a result of decliningRead MoreSwot Assumptions Back Ground Literature1136 Words   |  5 PagesBusiness research topic: Why Australia to get real in population: Theory Assumptions back ground literature: Population growth is one of the most important thing for the countries planners, economist and obviously for the government to plan for next 50 to 100 years. Australian population growth is as per time clock estimates in April 2015 as 23 795 442. This is totally assumed and estimated based on last census in 2006. One birth in every 1 minute and 44 seconds One death in 3 minutes 27 secondsRead MoreEuropes Aging Population : Europe1400 Words   |  6 PagesEurope’s Aging Population Europe provides a well-documented example of a developed region experiencing an aging population. Carone et al. (2005) say that over the coming decades, the number of people aged 65 and over in the EU is predicted to double, as a result the old age dependency ratio will change to 2:1, meaning that for every two people of working age there will be one aged 65 or older. The scale of the aging population is compounded by the region’s low fertility, with member states averagingRead MoreA Brief Note On The Price Of Healthcare Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pagesshown that America spends more on healthcare than any country in the world but produces inferior results. Any drug that is sold in America, must be approved by the FDA. The concept behind drugs is to save or extend life of persons in need. Over the last decade, we have seen a large increase in drugs pricing. Prices hiked from 2.4% growth in 2013 to 12.2% growth. Some factors could be blamed for this increase of drug prices. This factors include the fact that USA does not regulate drug prices, lengthRead MoreGermany And Its Impact On The United States Essay1042 Words   |  5 PagesIn the last few centuries, Europe has experienced major changes both in its population makeup and number. Be that as it may, in the last two decades, it has been faced with an unprecedented decline in population growth while struggling with the issue of an aging population. Indeed, from Helsinki to Lisbon, the birth rate has fallen dramatically in recent years. It has fallen so much so that most countries have put together some form of policies to help mitigate what is perceived as a serious demographicRead MoreIntroduction Of Late Adulthood And Retirement1659 Words   |  7 Pageswhich are particular to each stage. The last decade had seen an increase with people age sixty and above. Consequently, this aging population has significant effects on many aspect of society. Life expectancy which was of 50 years in the 19th century had tremendously increase. Indeed the factors contributing to the longevity include; public health measure to many factors such as decrease in infant mortality rate, and the eradication of certain diseases. Population ageing is a global phenomenon that canRead MoreA Research Study On Successful Aging919 Words   |  4 PagesSuccessful aging is a complicated and multifaceted concept that varies contextually among individuals, disciplines, and even time. Gerontologists have traditionally considered a person to have aged successfully upon having reached old age with their physical health, mental well-being and spirit still intact. Ultimately, successful aging is a matter of personal perspective, largely influenced by an individual s values and experiences. Even those within America s elderly population hold conflictingRead MoreIs the Prolonged Span of Life by Medic Care Technology a Triumph or a Tragedy?864 Words   |  4 Pagesinstead, a tragedy. A number of people suggested that a longer life span has always been the wildest dream of mankind and now it’s being achieved to some extent by our advanced science and technology. Others argued that, an increasing amount of older population due to a longer life span proved to be a huge burden of the society as well as themselves. However, as far as I’m concerned, the key to the debate whether this prolonged life span should be considered a triumph or a tragedy does not lie in theRead MoreThe Problem Of Global Population Aging1438 Words   |  6 Pagessociety where our families are our major support. Our population is growing. We have already get used that people have few or many siblings or cousins and big families are not rare. However, it is unlikely to last long. The fact is that the number of youth among the global population is decreasing. Moreover, it did not start to decrease recently. As stated in the â€Å"Demography Is Not Destiny: The Challenges and Opportunities of Global Population Aging† the proportion between the young people and seniors

Shakespeare Studies. Name. - 1110 Words

Shakespeare studies Name Institution. Shakespeare studies Most ancient Romans used superstitions as a way to explain nature as they were not enlightened enough. However, the rich class believed in less superstitions as they were enlightened more though there were superstitions that they still believed in. Romans sourced their beliefs in superstitions from the Etruscans. The Romans referred to the Etruscan books of divination, which included writings of what the gods meant through the signs and also writings of telling the future. The Etruscans could†¦show more content†¦(Taylor, Myron, 2000) A second observable superstition in the play was that about the weather, thunder and lightning were believed to come with bad happenings. This was the rule in many of Shakespeare’s tragedies. An example from text is, there is ravaging thunder and lightning like no one had seen before in the night where Cassius and the conspirators are creating a plot to assassinate Caesar. Casca sees the weather that was shaking the streets and interprets it as either there was a civil strife in heaven or one is about to be on earth. This may show that the plot that was being made against Caesar would bring a civil strife on the land. However, these signs are seen to be interpreted differently to suite what you want them to mean. In this particular context, Cassius and the conspirators also see the lightning and hear the thunder and interpret it as a warning to the romans about Caesar’s monstrous state of tyranny in Rome. (Wells, Stanley and Michael Dobson, 2001) Thirdly, there is an expression of ‘Ides of March’. This actually referred to March 15, the day when Julius Caesar was assassinated by the Roman conspirators. This term at first appears when a soothsayer approached Caesar and warns him on two occasions to be aware of the ideas of March. Caesar however arrogantly dismisses the soothsayer’s thoughts terming them as mere dreams. Hence,Show MoreRelatedBiography of William Shakespeare1709 Words   |  7 PagesWilliam Shakespeare: Real or Fake? Introduction Who is the real Shakespeare? There are those who insist that William Shakespeare is the author of the many works attributed to him and reports state that there are those who believe some type of conspiracy exists to protect the real name of the author of those works. Claims state that there is no evidence to document William Shakespeare of Stratford as the author and that he did not have the aristocratic background, education, or knowledge to haveRead MoreEssay on The Authorship of Shakespeare1647 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare was a playwright from Stratford who had arguably the most influential affect on English literature and the English language. His works are still praised to this day for their divine superiority, however, controversy in exceeding amounts has risen over the dispute of his authorship. This controversy has been the topic of many arguments between differently opinionated scholars who support opposing theories and beliefs (Friedman XV). A difficult dilemma con fronts biographers who tellRead MoreEssay about The Shakespeare Authorship Debate1632 Words   |  7 PagesThe Shakespeare Authorship Debate Although William Shakespeare is considered to be one of the most revered and well-renowned authors of all time, controversy surrounds the belief that he actually produced his own literary works. Some rumors even go so far as to question the reality of such a one, William Shakespeare, brought on by paralleling the quality of his pieces with his personal background and education. With such farfetched allegations, it persuaded others to peek into the person we allRead MoreEssay on Did William Shakespeare Write the Plays and Sonnets or Not?1488 Words   |  6 PagesIt disputes whether Shakespeare himself wrote the plays and sonnets or if it was someone else writing under a pseudonym. 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He is a white magician;Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s A Good And Lasting Legacy822 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare William Shakespeare left a good, lasting legacy that we see almost every day and we don t even know it s there. A legacy is something that you leave behind weather good or bad, Shakespeare s left a legacy of books and being thought as one of the greatest writers in the world. In William’s life he created many pieces of literature and words that people use everywhere today. We may not know a whole lot about William Shakespeare’s life but we can see that he was a veryRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet977 Words   |  4 PagesGo up to just about any literary scholar and ask them the simple question of, who is the greatest writer known to the planet. Many will respond with a likely sarcastic response, but tell you of the man known as William Shakespeare. He’s most popular for his drama play called Romeo and Juliet, but holds credentials in the literary department for much more than that. He’s written dozens of plays, many dramas such as Ma cBeth and Hamlet, with some noteworthy comedies for the time period like Much AdoRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet 868 Words   |  4 PagesFAMILY IS FOREVER When I read Shakespeare, one of the main things I think about is how great women have it today as compared to Shakespeare’s time. While may be arguable that as of recently that we may be living in a post patriarchal society, in Shakespeare’s day the patriarchy was undeniable. Women were property and were utterly controlled by men. They had to look a certain way. act a certain way and most of all be obedient to the men closest to them. The most attractive trait a woman had back inRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1733 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare is a figure shrouded in mystery. In this paper, the title of â€Å"Shakespeare† will refer to the author of the works currently credited to William Shakespeare of Stratford-upon-Avon. Shakespeare is undoubtedly one of the most famous writers of all time. He created masterpieces like Hamlet, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet, and several more. For a long period of time, William Shakespeare from Stratford-upon-Avo n was considered the author of all the works credited to Shakespeare. For over a centuryRead MoreEssay on Who Was The True Shakespeare? 1458 Words   |  6 PagesThe Shakespeare name is known by almost everyone. The true identity of the great writer is still a mystery. There isn’t a single picture to portray the true identity of Shakespeare. When you look at the pictures they are different and resemble someone else. We know that he was a well educated business man, knowledgeable in the law and Royalty just for starters. The man credited with the works doesn’t poses these qualities. Over the years, more people ask the same question, who was the true

Intimate Partner Violence ( Tda ) - 1654 Words

Introduction To begin with, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) has been around for a very long time and it is still a present issue in the United States. There are many forms intimate partner violence such as, sexual, physical, emotional, and psychological. IPV occurs among all religious, socioeconomic, and cultural groups in the United States and other countries. As many people know intimate partner violence tends to come with consequences after the damage is done to the victim. Intimate partner violence does not just happen out of nowhere where the perpetrator thinks they have the right to be violent towards their spouse. The issue of IPV is connected to the cycle of violence in ways that it gives you an idea as to why the perpetrator thinks they have the right to hit the victim. In many cases not only do they think they have the right to due such thing but also feel like they have control over their spouse and have a mindset that they own them and will do anything just to keep them. Often the perpetrators feel guilty for being violent towards their loved ones that they come to a point of being apologetic and doing anything in their power to keep them. This author believes that intimate partner violence is a big issue and for many victims it is hard for them to escape the relationship. The victims go through so much in staying in the relationship that once they decide to definitely leave the relationship they end up suffering consequences and seeking available resources toShow MoreRelatedIntimate Partner Violence ( Tda ) Directed Against Women1685 Words   |  7 PagesThere is no question that intimate partner violence (IPV) directed against women is a fundamental issue. However, it is clear that a paradigm has been developed within the IPV literature which generally holds that it is gender-based; that perpetrators are exclusively or disproportionately male (Dutton., 2006) and that females are the sole victims. Whilst the original function of this paradigm was to generate social change in a direction that righted an imbalance against women (Dutton NichollsRead MoreChildcare: Education and Subject Code Essay43120 Words   |  173 PagesSupporting Teaching and Learning Subject Code: 501/1706/3 Level 2 Certificate in Cover Supervision Subject Code: 501/1718/X Ascentis Level 3 Diploma in Specialist Support for Teaching and Learning Subject Code: 501/1719/1 UNIT SPECIFICATIONS TDA 3.1 Communication and professional relationships with children, young people and adults Credit Value of Unit: 2 GLH of Unit: 10 Level of Unit: 3 Learning Outcomes The learner will be able to 1 Understand the principles of developing positive relationshipsRead MoreEssay Paper84499 Words   |  338 PagesFraternization †¢ 4–16, page 27 Standards of conduct †¢ 4–17, page 27 Employment and volunteer work of spouse †¢ 4–18, page 27 Hazing †¢ 4–194–20, page 28 Informal funds †¢ 4–21, page 29 Misuse of Government travel charge cards †¢ 4–22, page 29 Domestic Violence Amendment to the Gun Control Act of 1968 †¢ 4–23, page 30 Chapter 5 Other Responsibilities of Command, page 32 General †¢ 5–1, page 32 Appearance before congressional committees †¢ 5–2, page 32 Political activities †¢ 5–3, page 32 Command aspectsRead MoreLearning and Social Care Essay examples30870 Words   |  124 PagesFor each unit the following material has been provided: Unit title Unit number Unit reference Unit level Unit credit value Provides a clear, concise explanation of the content of the unit. The unique number assigned by the owner of the unit (e.g. TDA, CACHE etc.). The unique reference number given to each unit at qualification approval by Ofqual. Denotes the level of the unit within the QCF framework. The value that has been given to the unit based on the expected learning time for an average learner

Animal Testing (2182 words) Essay Example For Students

Animal Testing (2182 words) Essay Animal TestingMedicines, household products, food, and basically everything involved in thelife of an average person has to under go a form of testing before it is legalto be placed on a shelf and if available to the public. The same tests areperformed on every medical procedure that is introduced to surgeons. Since theonly way to directly mimic the human body is to use it itself, scientists wereforced to find the closest and best alternative. That is where animals wereintroduced to the medical profession. Experimentation on animals date back to asearly as 500 BC, making this form of medical validation one of the oldest knownto humans. It is not only one of the oldest but one of the most informative. Scientists use animals in medical research to study how the body works and howto diagnose, cure, and prevent disease. Researchers also use animals for teststo try to protect the public from dangerous chemicals, (Day, 13) such as thoseincluded in detergents, bleach, and other household products. When live animalsare used in experimentation, this practice is called vivisection. Animals areused in many instances because their bodies often react in a similar way to thatof a humans. Although animals have been used in medical research for numerousyears it was not until the early 1920s that it became more prominent. It wasat this point that the introduction of using live, un-anesthetized, animals tostudy toxic effects on an increasing array of drugs, pesticides and foodadditives was introduced. After this great advance in medical research theresults of using animals grew with leaps and bounds. In 1970 this process peakedwith the use of millions of animals. Since then, according to the USDAs Animals Welfare Enforcement, 1,267,828 animals were used for medical purposes in1998, which is more than a 50 percent decrease since 1970. Although this is adrastic drop in animals used there have been many medical advances; virtuallyevery medical break through this century has come about as the result ofresearch with animals. (Office of Technology) Of the many animals used forexperiments, about 90 percent of the animals used are rats, mice and otherrodents. Animals such as these are used for two reasons, one because they arereadily available upon request, and two because they are cheap which helps aidthe large cost of animals experimentation. Although it has been proven, that inmany cases, rats and mice are not an accurate subject to test medicines on;their popularity has only grown larger. Mechanize (a travel sickness drug)caused severe deformities in rats, but not in humans, whereas Thalidomide (asedative drug) caused no reaction in rats but cause deformities in humans. Thisis on ly one of the many cases where mice and rats have been found as faulty testsubjects. With the wide range of animals that are available, the tests the areused on them are even vaster. The tests are broken down into many differentcategories, which allows scientists to zero in on certain areas of testing andto specify results. The largest and most useful area of testing is calledToxicity Testing. In toxicity tests, animals are generally exposed to chemicalsin ways that are meant to mimic human exposure, by ingestion, inhalation, skincontact and contact with the eyes. The type of animals used in this fieldinclude rodents, dogs, cats, fish, birds (chickens, hens, pigeons) rabbits,frogs, pigs, sheep, and primates. Toxicity testing is aimed at providinginformation, which can be used to attempt to protect society and the environmentagainst the harmful effects of chemicals. (Boyd, 184) Eye irritancy tests, thelargest and most controversial area in toxcity testing, began in 1920. It wasintrod uced because soldiers were exposed to mustard gas in World War I, theireyes began to burn and some lost sight. To understand what the effects of themustard gas more clearly scientist used rabbits as their test subjects. Theywould force they eyes of the rabbit open and let mustard gas fester for days,they would then compare their findings to the effects on humans. After thisfirst introduction to the benefits of eye irritancy tests its use began moreuseful. This method of toxicity tests is now used to test everything fromshampoo to pesticides. Anti-vivisection activists consider this type of testingthe most cruel because it directly damages a vital part of an animals body. Also, it is very hard to repair the eye due to its extreme sensitivity. TheDraize Test is used to measure the harmfulness of ingredients contained inhousehold products and cosmetics. It is much like they tests that were used totest mustard gas, but it is much more scientific and in ways slightly crueler. Night EssayHistorys most infamous drug disaster left 10,000 crippled and deformed. Theculprit was thalidomide, marketed initially as a sedative by German scientists. Its clinical acceptance was based on an apparent lack of toxicity testing. Animals involved in testing could tolerate massive doses in routine testswithout ill effects, but when the drug was introduced to the public it caused areaction with the nervous system of small children, harming them for life. Although there is a great amount of controversy behind animal research and ithas been brought up time and time again that animal experimentation should beabolished, the is the undeniable fact that without it there would be so muchthat the medical field would be lacking. It is hard to say where we would be ifwe never had introduced animals into medicine. One thing is for sure, we wouldhave lost millions of people to diseases that are now curable. Without animalresearch Polio would have killed thousands of unvaccinated children in this yearalone, there would be no insulin, no control on high blood pressure, nochemotherapy, and no anesthesia resulting in painful medical procedures. Measlesis another childhood infection preventable by vaccination, by introducing avaccination in 1968, the numbers of children infected dropped drastically. Alsodeaths from heart disease has fallen twenty four percent in men and fifty onepercent in women, a tremendous improvement. (Sharpe, 45) Other benefits tohumans include bone marrow transplantation, cyclosporin and other anti-rejectiondrugs. One of the largest fields in which animals are used for experimentationis in cancer research. In 1918 Japanese scientists produced cancer on a rabbitsear by painting it with tar, and a new ear in cancer research began. (Sherry,75) The research that followed was used to fight, understand and try to controlthe conditions of tumors that cause cancer, and to also learn how and why theygrow and spread. The development of chemotherapy was tested on rodents, monkeysand rabbits in 1950. Forty years later, in 1990, scientists began closing in onthe genetic and environmental factors that lead to breast cancer, which is theleading killer of American women between the ages of 35-54, the main speciesused in these experiments were fruitflies, mice and rats. (History of MedicalDiscoveries and Advances website, http://www.amprogress.org/history.htm, 1999)Although cancer has not been cured completely the benefit s that animalexperimentation have brought to this field of research is without a doubtamazing. Now, thanks to epidemiology we now know that 80-90 percent of cancersare preventable. (Sharpe, 173) In 1950 scientists used rats and mice todiscovery DNA, which is what determines individual hereditary characteristic. Also in this same time scientists experimented on rats, rabbits and monkeys todevelop tranquilizers. We now use tranquilizers to reduce hyperactivity, anxietyand tension. In 1970, by using monkeys and armadillos treatment foe leprosy wasdeveloped, as well as measle prevention. Not only do humans benefit from theresearch done on animals but also so do the animals themselves. Many of thedrugs and procedures that have been of importance for humans are of equaleffectiveness in animals. The attempt to produce vaccines against animalsdisease began almost as early as that of humans. Over half of the veterinarymedicine used today originated from medicine used on humans, such as the vaccineformed for feline leukemia. Animal organ transplantation has also been furtheredby human experimentation on animals. There is so much that is entailed whenusing animals in research everyone must be pleased. As with ever issue in theUnited States today not everyone can ever be pleased, and that is also the t ruthwith animal experimentation. Without it people would be sick and dying, but withit animals are dying to save our lives. The only way that it could be completelycut out of the medical industry is if humans began to voluntarily donate theirbodies for experiments, the chances of that happening are slim to none. So theoptions need to be addressed, should people die from diseases and faultymedicines or should animals die to save our lives? It is hard to say weatherthis issue will ever be solved. It can be said though, that all people havebenefited from animal experimentation at one point in their life or another. Weather that instance is in a surgical procedure, of the safety that is promisedwhen we use a shampoo. Either way everyone has had a safer and more healthilylife thanks to the animals that have sacrificed their lives for ours.

Movie Review In the Womb Essay Example

Movie Review: In the Womb Essay A must see movie for future parents! Experience  the life before birth, The formation, a step by step in a film that have not been seen like him. In the womb, was produced for National Geographic Channel . Its includes  features in advanced technology, simulations that have been  generated by ultrasound photography in four dimensions. Before it takes its first breath, a human baby has been through an incredible transformation from a single cell to a complex, self-sustaining organism.Watch this amazing process in real time inside the womb. Recommendation + personal experience I remember that moment I realized that my wifes stomach size is what supposed to be my child, with Gods help,  I studied this film, explaining   me something that is very difficult for me personally to understand: how our body produces live? How does it work? If you think that I got it after seeing the film and that I  understood all of these scientific facts, then youre wrong, its still seems like a crazy miracle that happens one after the other in the all wide World.I strongly recommend everyone to see that   movie, it shows the very little detailsof the process  and even shows us the fetus  in  a verity of positions, moves, making faces, etc that we cant see without that film. you will enjoy it. Source:  http://www. shvoong. com/exact-sciences/2000143-womb/#ixzz2cqvNjWSF Maybe this has already been talked about and I missed it, but I thought I would let all of you ladies know about a National Geographic special my husband recorded for me to watch called In the Womb. I HIGHLY recommend the film.Its a fairly new documentary about how babies develop and its quite interesting. I thought I would do a little review for you all since some of you are midwives and others are looking for informational videos. There are good and bad things about the documentary, but the end made me so very, VERY happy that Ive forgiven the film all of its faults. Con: The intro is of a woman in labor screaming bloody murder like they do in the movies while giving birth. Youll forgive this later, however. Read on. Con: I kinda almost fell asleep at the beginning when they were covering conception.It was stuff weve all heard a million times in school, so it was pretty redundant. Get to the babies already! Pro: Some of the computer graphics and filming was really amazing. They use all new footage, no recycled stuff from other documentaries. Con: Sometimes the film would state some fact and then not back it up in any way, so youd be left wondering gee, thats new. Where on earth did they get THAT? For example, during one part, they said that a woman is more likely to have a miscarriage if she experiences stress, has an immune disorder, or if she has previously given birth to a boy.Now, Ive had three miscarriages, so Ive read tons of information about it and never have I heard that giving birth to a boy makes you more likely to have a miscarriage. I thought wow, really? Wher ed they hear that? but they just went on to the next subject without explaining. Con: 99% of the babies in the film are not real they are either rubber models (which look absolutely fantastically realistic, by the way) or these super creepy alien-looking computer generated babies that totally freaked me out. They were a bit disturbing looking.Con: They stressed the value of ultrasound in the video and Im personally against it, but it doesnt lose a lot of points with me because a lot of women are pro ultrasound. Pro: They did mention that ultrasound might be harmful, though it is not known to cause problems in babies. They also mentioned that while we cant hear ultrasound, babies CAN because it creates an echo inside the water-filled uterus. They explained that babies run from it because it is extremely loud somewhat like standing next to a subway train. Pro: They provided TONS of the most amazing 4D footage of babies Ive ever seen.They had videos of babies only weeks old in the w omb yawning, playing with their noses and feet, and twins interacting with each other. I cried at parts. Pro: Aside from a brief (and very low-key) clip where a doctor does a minor surgery on an unborn fetus along with a few short clips of doctors performing ultrasound, there were NO HOSPITAL SCENES or doctors in the film. Woot! The best part ever: The film follows only one mother through her pregnancy and ends with her giving birth. I grumbled my way through a few mildly irritating parts of the film, but whe I reached the end, I got a rather shocking surprise.When its time for the mother to give birth, you see her standing yes standing next to a bed in a birthing center giving birth. There is not one doctor in the room or a machine beeping of any kind, only the woman, her midwife, the cameraman, and the husband. There are no bright lights and its very quiet except for the womans screams. Then, to my utter delight, the narrator informs the viewers that standing or squatting are th e best positions in which to give birth and that it is better and more comfortable for the mother than laying on her back.I wish every reader could have been there with me as I whooped and hollered and punched my fists in the air in delight! Imagine a mainstream documentary saying something like that! The baby is immediately handed to the mother through her legs and she sits on the bed with her newborn, a smile plastered on her delighted face. No one takes her baby away. The midwife waits to cut the cord and then the mother is seen breastfeeding. WAY TO GO NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC!! So yes, any midwives out there who are looking for a good educational video, Id have to say that this is the one.Its not about birth, its about development, but its the best Ive seen so far and its SO ultra pro-natural birth. ETA: SORRY! The Youtube link seems to have been taken down. Ill keep an eye out for any other sites hosting the full video   -Amber National Geographic Channels In the Womb by Inbar Ma ayan  Keywords:  Human development,  Movies,  Fetus Written, produced, and directed by Toby Mcdonald, the 2005 National Geographic Channel film  In the Womb  uses the most recent technology to provide an intricate glimpse into the prenatal world.The technologies used, which include advanced photography, computer graphics, and 4-D  ultrasound  imaging, help to realistically illustrate the process of development and to answer questions about the rarely seen development of a human being. The following description of the images and narrative of the film captures the major points of  In the Womb, and of embryonic and fetal development, as they are seen at the outset of the twenty-first century, depicted in only 100 minutes. In the Womb  opens with a glimpse of the mature  fetus  moments before she is ready to emerge into the outside world.The narrator explains that at this final stage, she is equipped with all of the faculties necessary for full function outside t he  womb. The main focus of the film, however, is the journey leading up to these final moments, a journey that begins with just a single cell. This journey is viewed intermittently throughout the film using 3-D and 4-D  ultrasound  scanning techniques which show the baby moving. 4-D refers to a string of 3-D images taken in real time (time is the fourth dimension), thus creating a movie of in utero events.In addition, the process is simulated by computer imaging based on observations, giving a vivid portrayal of embryonic and fetal development. The developmental narrative begins with millions of swimming  sperm, and an explanation of their unique purpose—carrying the father’s genetic information to the moment of  conception. The  sperm  are produced in a man’s  testes, and their quality depends on his lifestyle choices; they tend to be damaged by the consumption of various drugs and by heat, and stimulated by the consumption of coffee.A singlesp erm  is filmed swimming across a black landscape, which accentuates the rapid, intricate movements of its tail. The tail’s flexibility allows the  sperm  to progress approximately a tenth of an inch per minute. Millions of  sperm  are filmed as they appear in the  vagina, many of them dead on their sides, with the vast crowd in the middle swimming toward the  uterus, the  fallopian tubes, and the  egg, which looks like a moon-like orb nestled among its protective agents. This  egg, like all her others, was formed during the mother’s own time in the  womb  and has resided in her body ever since.The film suggests that in order to find the  egg, the  sperm  Ã¢â‚¬Å"sniff it out† using their figurative sense of smell. A graphical simulation shows the  sperm  traveling toward the awaiting  egg, and one of them penetrating its outer layer. The bigger picture, in which the rest of the  spermare permanently shut out upon  fertilizat ion, is filmed. Another graphical simulation follows, illustrating the fusion of the father’s and the mother’s genetic material at the moment of  conception. The narrator notes that this particular genetic combination has never before existed, and will never be duplicated in another human being.DNA, which carries the organism’s genetic information and is bundled in the chromosomes, is depicted as a long, energetic helix that carries the more than 20,000  genes  that make up an average human. These  genes  are responsible for various characteristics and are determined by parental contributions. They are absolutely crucial to the development of new life. The various physical effects of genetic information are illustrated in the display of various shapes of eyes, noses, hair, and other features.The great variability of genetic effects on appearance is depicted by the morphing of a face to show a variety of characteristics, both male and female. It is note d, however, that while the parents contribute equal amounts of genetic information, it is the DNA from the  sperm  that determines the child’s sex, via its twenty-third chromosome, which is either an X or a Y. The  genes  contributed by the parents largely predetermine the child’s appearance and much of the child’s personality and predisposition for certain diseases.After the illustration and explanation of  fertilization, a description of the fertilized egg’s journey toward the  uterus  is accompanied by film footage of the process. As it sails along the fallopian tube on the first day of its journey, the single cell divides into two identical cells. Cell division continues and by the fifth day, the resulting ball of cells is made up of about 100 cells and is called a  blastocyst. At this stage, theblastocyst  will split into two groups of cells: the outer layer prepares to become the  placenta,  umbilical cord  and fetal membrane s, and the inner layer prepares to become the embryo itself.The cells making up the inner part of the  blastula  are  stem cells, and have the ability to differentiate into all of the different types of cells that make up the human body. One week after  fertilization, the  blastula  reaches theuterus, where it will start to develop into a new human being. Three weeks into  gestation,  In the Womb  simulates the embryo folding inward and elongating as the basic body plan is determined. An actual embryo at this stage is shown and a basic spine is visible.The top of the embryo, destined to become the head and brain, is indicated; this region has already begun to generate  nerve cells  by the fifteenth day of the  pregnancy. These  nerve cells  will proliferate and eventually become the brain and the  central nervous system. The heart forms soon after this, and twenty-two days after  conception, begins to beat. This movement is initiated by a single heart cell which begins to beat and induces the cells around it to beat to the same rhythm. Close-up filming shows this pulse as heart cells proliferate and the organ continues to form.With the formation of the heart come thin veins and early blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients; the blood in these veins moves to the beat of the heart. During the early stages of development the heart beats relatively independently, though its function will later be carefully regulated by the brain. By the time the embryo is four weeks old, preliminary eyes have appeared on her head. These look like dark spots on a pale landscape of surrounding tissue on which the early contours of the forehead, nose, mouth, and other parts of the mature face can be seen.In addition, arm and leg buds emerge. The narrator mentions that even though thirty days have passed since  conception, the embryo is almost indistinguishable from the embryos of other mammals. The changes taking place in the em bryo’s  morphology  over the following few weeks are shown through film progression. The face plates move in to better define facial features, arms and legs continue to take shape, and the head becomes more clearly defined. At six weeks, the embryo is about an inch long, has a firmly rooted and visible  umbilical cord, and the outline of her fingers can be distinguished as well.The eyes have developed by leaps and bounds, although they are not yet concealed by eyelids. The nostrils are now visible, wide-set beneath the eyes on a head that is giant in relation to the size of the body. By the end of eight weeks of  gestation, the embryo is called afetus  and is no longer dependent on the  yolk  sac that nourished it during the  embryonic stage of development. The  yolk  sac, a balloon-like structure of tissue with visible veins, vanishes at this point and the  fetus  becomes solely dependent on the  umbilical cord  rooted in theplacenta, and thus on the mother’s blood for nutrition.A close examination of the  placenta  reveals intricate blood vessels transporting the nutrients necessary for the embryo’s growth, while keeping out many of the toxins present in the mother’s own blood. Despite the placenta’s effectiveness, substances like drugs and alcohol cannot be completely be filtered out, and it’s up to the mother to limit her consumption of them. By nine weeks, the nervous system has developed dramatically and starts to allow the  fetus  to move. Although this movement, shown through computer simulation, is not yet connected to the brain, it promotes agility and further growth.After this point, the body will gradually come under the control of the brain. This change also has the effect of regulating heart rate, which may increase to more than 150 beats per minute before cerebral  regulation. A standard  ultrasound  is performed at the Create Health Clinic in London at the concl usion of the first  trimester, and the narrator explains how  ultrasound  waves function to create the image on the screen. While a physician explains the various tests that can be done at this stage of  pregnancy  using  ultrasound, the baby’s heart can be seen contracting and expanding in the moving image.A step beyond standard  ultrasound  is the 4-D scan, which shows the three-dimensional  fetus  moving in real time. This tool allows for even more accurate evaluation of the fetus’s health and development. It shows everything from the  fetus  moving her arms to yawning or playing with her nose. Four-dimensional scans of various babies at different stages of development greatly expand the amount of detail that is visible to the world outside the  womb. The narrator also notes that this first  ultrasound  scan is the first opportunity to ascertain the number of fetuses present in the  womb.Four-dimensional scans also allow us to see the preliminary steps of a baby’s literal first steps. These are manifested in scans of eleven- and twelve-week-old fetuses kicking and pushing off the walls of the  uterus  as they exercise the use of their appendages. This movement is called the stepping reflex, and it is controlled by the fetus’s nervous system. The five weeks leading up to this point, weeks six through eleven, are considered to be the period in which the  fetus  undergoes the most dramatic transformations in its developmental journey.By the end of the eleventh week, all organs have formed, but the  fetus  is still tiny—about three inches long—and thus must grow significantly before it can be  viable. Sex is also determined at this point, and the sex organs produce  hormones  that further regulate the sexual development of the  fetus. Miscarriage beyond this point is far less likely than during the first three months of  pregnancy, since the  fetus  is more stabl e. As time goes on, the  fetus  looks more and more human, and her senses sharpen further.Simulation reveals highly developed hands and the hardening (ossification) of bones beneath the semi-transparent skin. The face looks far more â€Å"human† as well, with the eyes now closer together and the nose and mouth more defined. By this time, the brain controls most of the body–including the heart–through thecentral nervous system. Aside from seeing the heart, a Doppler probe is also used to hear what the fetus’ heart sounds like. It beats at a frantic 146 beats per minute, which the physician indicates is a healthy pace for a  fetus  this age.At four months, she not only has control of her heart rate, but she also begins to respond to physical stimuli and to move around a lot. She has also begun to develop proprioception, which is the awareness of the body’s position in its surroundings. She is shown feeling the sides of the  womb  and gras ping at different parts of her body. Four-dimensional images of twins also reveal how interactive they are with each other; identical twins, however, interact much more than do fraternal twins, who have a membrane separating them.This membrane is also visible with this more detailed scanning tool. Eighteen weeks after  conception, fetal movements become readily detectable to the mother. In addition, the  fetus  starts digesting amniotic fluid as her digestive system begins preparation for the outside world. Another preparation has been revealed by 4-D scans, where thefetus  can be seen practicing the blinking reflex. Soon, she will even have her own fingerprints. At the conclusion of the second  trimester, the  fetus  is fully formed but still needs to experience dramatic growth and to develop her senses.The film states that at this stage, she begins to taste flavors from her mother’s food, and to hear the sounds that surround her cocoon, including the tone and cadence of her mother’s voice. Comfort with her mother’s various sense-inducing habits may even prove conducive to more healthy development once the baby has been born. In the Womb  also notes that, as well as providing a preliminary basis for diagnosis of complications,  ultrasound  scans also promote the development of parental attachment to the yet-unborn child.Ultrasound is thought to enhance the relationship of the child with the parents, both in infancy and later in life. At twenty-four weeks, this relationship could begin prematurely, for it is at this point that a baby could survive outside of the  womb; though still small and underdeveloped, with appropriate intensive care, she could be considered  viable. The greatest complications may arise due to the premature lungs, since the lungs only fully develop near the conclusion of the  pregnancyand are filled with amniotic fluid until breathing begins.The eyes, which have been fully developed since the middle of the  pregnancy, cannot see yet but are adorned with eyelashes by the twenty-fifth week. Babies are usually born with lighter-colored eyes than they will have later; babies of Caucasian descent are often born with blue eyes, while babies of Asian or African descent first have darker brown eyes. These colors will often change or deepen during the first few months of life, as the pigments in the eyes are exposed to light, which is absent in the  womb. In the darkness of the  womb, babies in their final  trimester  spend most of their time sleeping soundly.When they are awake, however, fetuses are often active, practicing their reflexes in response to provocations from outside the  womb. These include the startle reflex, when the  fetus  flings her arms out and over her head, and the swallowing and sucking process, crucial to nutrition outside of the  womb. The latter may be manifested in thumb sucking, which is thought to be strongly correlated with handedn ess during a person’s life. The  placenta  not only conducts oxygen, nutrients, and flavors to the  fetus, but it may also conduct the mother’s mood. The ear or anxiety that a mother might experience cascade through, eventually causing the baby’s heart to beat faster as well. Serious and sustained stress or anxiety have been found to result in stress in the child and a higher risk for stress-related physical and mental health complications. Past twenty-six weeks the  fetus  concentrates almost solely on growth; despite this, serious issues might arise even before birth. In the Womb  shows Dr. Kypros Nicolaides of King’s College Hospital in London diagnosing and performing  in utero  surgery on a  fetus  whose intestines are obstructing lung growth.He performs this delicate surgery with the help of a fetuscope, which allows him to see inside thewomb  and is also used as a tool in the surgery itself. Nicolaides’ technique for tr eating this particular disorder has been met with a 50% increase in the survival rate of his prenatal patients. The last two months of  pregnancy  see the final steps toward a healthy birth. During this time, the  fetus  develops a layer of insulating fat and has even been found to develop consciousness and memory. The  fetus  may remember and respond to familiar sounds such as her mother’s voice or even her parents’ favorite music.If the  fetus  recognizes music, she might even move in rhythm. Fast music has been found to stimulate and excite the  fetus, which seems to be almost dancing in the  womb, while classical music will often have a calming effect. The development of all of these complex functions prior to birth has also led some experts to posit that, developmentally, birth is not as significant as was previously assumed. This is because the brain of a maturing  fetus  is almost identical to that of a newborn. This similarity is particu larly striking considering the sighting of rapid eye movement (REM) in 4-D scans, since these are indicative of dreaming.From thirty-five weeks on, the  fetus  could be fully functional and self-supporting (aside from its need for external nutrition and warmth). The film notes that though it is not yet certain what sets off delivery, the maturation of the lungs may play a key role. When mature, the lungs release a protein that affects the  hormone  production of the  placenta, reducing  progesterone  production and initiating the production of oxytocin, which in turn triggers uterine contractions and inhibition of memory.These are useful when the  cervix  undergoes extreme widening—approximately 10 cm—as it conveys the baby’s large head out into the world. In the Womb  has now gone full-circle, arriving again at the time of delivery. To ease the pain of delivery and risks of complication, the mother in the movie delivers standing up and leani ng forward with her legs spread apart slightly. During this time, the baby releases large quantities of adrenalin, which keeps the heart pumping fast and prepares the lungs to take their first breathes of air. Soon, the baby’s head crowns and is followed by the rest of the body.As soon as the baby has emerged, it starts crying as its lungs fill with oxygen and it is exposed to the light and cold of the outside world. The  placenta, now unnecessary, detaches from the  uterus  and exits the mother’s body through the birth canal. In the Womb  reviews the entire process of the  pregnancy  and highlights the grand achievement that is transformation from a single cell into an entirely new individual. The newly born baby depends on adults for warmth and nutrition, although all other functions rest solely in her tiny hands.